To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Acer rubrum L. (red maple) trees are endemic to Cent...To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Acer rubrum L. (red maple) trees are endemic to Central Florida and native to the eastern portion of the United States. Urban and suburban expansion has increased use of A. rubrum in landscape plantings and their production in nurseries. In Florida A. rubrum is planted around stormwater retention areas, but also in urban landscapes. To provide a basis for irrigation allocations both during production and in landscapes, daily actual evapotranspiration (ET<sub>A</sub>) for three red maple trees were measured with weighing lysimeters, beginning with rooted cuttings and continuing until trees averaged 8 m in height. Empirical models were derived to calculate ET<sub>A</sub> based on crown horizontal projected area or trunk caliper, adjusted daily by changes in reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Water use efficiency, based on carbon sequestered in above ground wood mass, was calculated at the end of five growing seasons. Average ET<sub>A</sub> to produce these maples was 29,107 L over 4.75 years, with an average water use efficiency of 1 kg dry mass of wood per 709 L of water lost by transpiration.展开更多
To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Quercus virginiana, commonly known as live oak trees...To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Quercus virginiana, commonly known as live oak trees, is endemic to Central Florida and among the most popular landscape trees for their gracefulness and spreading shade. To provide a basis for irrigation allocations both during production and in landscapes, daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) in liters for three live oak trees was measured with weighing lysimeters over five years, beginning with seedlings and continuing until trees averaged 7.2 meters in height. Empirical models were derived to calculate ETA based on crown horizontal projected area (PCA) or trunk caliper (TCSA), adjusted daily by changes in evapotranspiration (ETO). Average ETA to produce these live oaks was 62,218 L cumulative over 5.5 years. Effectively transpiring leaf, tree water use volume divided by ETO, was closely related to PCA over five years with the slope of this relationship being equivalent to a Plant Factor of 0.93. The product of ETO and this Plant Factor can be used to estimate depth of live oak water demand in urban landscapes. Also, this Plant Factor can estimate water demand volume in nurseries and landscapes when combined with PCA, and similarly the slopes for TCSA can be used to estimate ETA water volume from measured trunk diameter.展开更多
文摘To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Acer rubrum L. (red maple) trees are endemic to Central Florida and native to the eastern portion of the United States. Urban and suburban expansion has increased use of A. rubrum in landscape plantings and their production in nurseries. In Florida A. rubrum is planted around stormwater retention areas, but also in urban landscapes. To provide a basis for irrigation allocations both during production and in landscapes, daily actual evapotranspiration (ET<sub>A</sub>) for three red maple trees were measured with weighing lysimeters, beginning with rooted cuttings and continuing until trees averaged 8 m in height. Empirical models were derived to calculate ET<sub>A</sub> based on crown horizontal projected area or trunk caliper, adjusted daily by changes in reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Water use efficiency, based on carbon sequestered in above ground wood mass, was calculated at the end of five growing seasons. Average ET<sub>A</sub> to produce these maples was 29,107 L over 4.75 years, with an average water use efficiency of 1 kg dry mass of wood per 709 L of water lost by transpiration.
文摘To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Quercus virginiana, commonly known as live oak trees, is endemic to Central Florida and among the most popular landscape trees for their gracefulness and spreading shade. To provide a basis for irrigation allocations both during production and in landscapes, daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) in liters for three live oak trees was measured with weighing lysimeters over five years, beginning with seedlings and continuing until trees averaged 7.2 meters in height. Empirical models were derived to calculate ETA based on crown horizontal projected area (PCA) or trunk caliper (TCSA), adjusted daily by changes in evapotranspiration (ETO). Average ETA to produce these live oaks was 62,218 L cumulative over 5.5 years. Effectively transpiring leaf, tree water use volume divided by ETO, was closely related to PCA over five years with the slope of this relationship being equivalent to a Plant Factor of 0.93. The product of ETO and this Plant Factor can be used to estimate depth of live oak water demand in urban landscapes. Also, this Plant Factor can estimate water demand volume in nurseries and landscapes when combined with PCA, and similarly the slopes for TCSA can be used to estimate ETA water volume from measured trunk diameter.
