Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is primarily a malignancy of the liver, advancing from a damaged, cirrhotic liver to HCC. Globally, HCC is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third-most prevalent reason for neoplast...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is primarily a malignancy of the liver, advancing from a damaged, cirrhotic liver to HCC. Globally, HCC is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third-most prevalent reason for neoplastic disease-related deaths. A diverse array of infiltrating immunocytes regulates the development and progression of HCC, as is the case in many other cancers. An understanding of the various immune components during HCC becomes necessary so that novel therapeutic strategies can be designed to combat the disease. A dysregulated immune system(including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. Alterations in either the innate or adaptive arm of the immune system and cross-talk between them make the immune system tolerant to tumors, leading to disease progression. In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells(e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC.展开更多
Crohn's disease(CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear.In this paper,we reviewed the basic research of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating CD by regulating intestinal intrinsic...Crohn's disease(CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear.In this paper,we reviewed the basic research of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating CD by regulating intestinal intrinsic immunity,and summarized in more detail that acupuncture and moxibustion can regulate the intestinal intrinsic immune system through the intestinal epithelial cell barrier,monocytes/macrophages,natural killer cells(NK cells),dendritic cells(DC),and neutrophils.Specifically,acupuncture and moxibustion can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in the intestinal mucosa,alleviate intestinal fibrosis to repair the mechanical barrier of the intestinal mucosa,inhibit the expression of molecules of the MAPK,TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammatory factors,block the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway,and prevent the overactivation of neutrophils to control inflammatory responses,repairing the damaged intestinal tract and alleviating CD symptoms.This paper illustrated the characteristics of acupuncture and moxibustion for CD,which involves multi targets and pathways,aiming to provide guidance for the clinical application and basic research of acupuncture and moxibustion for CD.It also pointed out the current drawbacks of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy,and finally proposing the shortcomings of the current research,including the insufficient number of studies on acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of CD through the modulation of NK cells and neutrophils,the lack of standardization in acupuncture point selection,duration and treatment course,and the geographical limitations of the research locations for acupuncture and moxibustion in treating CD.展开更多
The elusive task of defining the character of 76 T cells has been an evolving process for immunologists since stumbling upon their existence during the molecular characterization of the a and p T cell receptor genes o...The elusive task of defining the character of 76 T cells has been an evolving process for immunologists since stumbling upon their existence during the molecular characterization of the a and p T cell receptor genes of their better understood brethren. Defying the categorical rules used to distinctly characterize lymphocytes as either innate or adaptive in nature, 76 T cells inhabit a hybrid world of their own. At opposing ends of the simplified spectrum of modes of antigen recognition used by lymphocytes, natural killer and ap T cells are particularly well equipped to respond to the ＇missing self＇ and the ＇dangerous non-self＇, respectively. However, between these two reductive extremes, we are chronically faced with the challenge of making peace with the ＇safe non-self＇ and dealing with the inevitable ＇distressed self＇, and it is within this more complex realm 76 T cells excel thanks to their highly empathetic nature. This review gives an overview of the latest insights revealing the unfolding story of human 76 T cells, providing a biographical sketch of these unique lymphocytes in an attempt to capture the essence of their fundamental nature and events that influence their life trajectory. What hangs in their balance is their nuanced ability to differentiate the friends from the foe and the pathological from the benign to help us adapt swiftly and efficiently to life＇s many stresses.展开更多
Multiple sclerosis （MS） is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory-demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, with a strong neurodegenerative component. The question whether neurodegeneration in MS is inde...Multiple sclerosis （MS） is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory-demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, with a strong neurodegenerative component. The question whether neurodegeneration in MS is independent or related to neuroinflammation has been long debated, but not yet fully clarified. Furthermore, little is still known on how neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS are related to potential regenerative processes. In this perspective, we briefly discuss main clinical, pathological and experimental evidence on the relationship between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS, and on their connection with regeneration. We discuss that these processes in MS might represent intercorrelated manifestations of the immune response, especially of the innate immunity.展开更多
自然杀伤（natural killer，NK）细胞参与丙型肝炎毒（hepatic C virus，HCV）感染的各个阶段，从保护机体不感染HCV及在感染的急性阶段对病毒的清除，到影响慢性丙型肝炎患者疾病进展，甚至可以预测治疗应答。现就NK细胞在HCV感染中的...自然杀伤（natural killer，NK）细胞参与丙型肝炎毒（hepatic C virus，HCV）感染的各个阶段，从保护机体不感染HCV及在感染的急性阶段对病毒的清除，到影响慢性丙型肝炎患者疾病进展，甚至可以预测治疗应答。现就NK细胞在HCV感染中的作用作一综述。展开更多
自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞是一种具有杀伤活性的淋巴细胞,在机体对抗肿瘤、感染等方面发挥重要作用.近年来,NK细胞在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染中的作用日益受到重视,研究证实,NK细胞可通过分泌细胞因子、介导凋...自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞是一种具有杀伤活性的淋巴细胞,在机体对抗肿瘤、感染等方面发挥重要作用.近年来,NK细胞在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染中的作用日益受到重视,研究证实,NK细胞可通过分泌细胞因子、介导凋亡和杀伤靶细胞等途径参与机体对HBV的免疫应答反应,通过调节N K细胞功能控制H B V感染可能是今后治疗乙型病毒性肝炎的一个新策略.本文从NK细胞对病毒的清除、参与肝脏损伤、对免疫系统的影响以及新的治疗策略的制订等方面进行综述.展开更多
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is primarily a malignancy of the liver, advancing from a damaged, cirrhotic liver to HCC. Globally, HCC is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third-most prevalent reason for neoplastic disease-related deaths. A diverse array of infiltrating immunocytes regulates the development and progression of HCC, as is the case in many other cancers. An understanding of the various immune components during HCC becomes necessary so that novel therapeutic strategies can be designed to combat the disease. A dysregulated immune system(including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. Alterations in either the innate or adaptive arm of the immune system and cross-talk between them make the immune system tolerant to tumors, leading to disease progression. In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells(e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC.
基金Supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China:82074546,82205262Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty:shslczdzk04701+2 种基金Shanghai Science Foundation of China:21ZR1460000Special Project for Clinical Research in the Health Industry of the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission:202040244Shanghai Sailing Program:22YF1444100。
文摘Crohn's disease(CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear.In this paper,we reviewed the basic research of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating CD by regulating intestinal intrinsic immunity,and summarized in more detail that acupuncture and moxibustion can regulate the intestinal intrinsic immune system through the intestinal epithelial cell barrier,monocytes/macrophages,natural killer cells(NK cells),dendritic cells(DC),and neutrophils.Specifically,acupuncture and moxibustion can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in the intestinal mucosa,alleviate intestinal fibrosis to repair the mechanical barrier of the intestinal mucosa,inhibit the expression of molecules of the MAPK,TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammatory factors,block the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway,and prevent the overactivation of neutrophils to control inflammatory responses,repairing the damaged intestinal tract and alleviating CD symptoms.This paper illustrated the characteristics of acupuncture and moxibustion for CD,which involves multi targets and pathways,aiming to provide guidance for the clinical application and basic research of acupuncture and moxibustion for CD.It also pointed out the current drawbacks of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy,and finally proposing the shortcomings of the current research,including the insufficient number of studies on acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of CD through the modulation of NK cells and neutrophils,the lack of standardization in acupuncture point selection,duration and treatment course,and the geographical limitations of the research locations for acupuncture and moxibustion in treating CD.
文摘The elusive task of defining the character of 76 T cells has been an evolving process for immunologists since stumbling upon their existence during the molecular characterization of the a and p T cell receptor genes of their better understood brethren. Defying the categorical rules used to distinctly characterize lymphocytes as either innate or adaptive in nature, 76 T cells inhabit a hybrid world of their own. At opposing ends of the simplified spectrum of modes of antigen recognition used by lymphocytes, natural killer and ap T cells are particularly well equipped to respond to the ＇missing self＇ and the ＇dangerous non-self＇, respectively. However, between these two reductive extremes, we are chronically faced with the challenge of making peace with the ＇safe non-self＇ and dealing with the inevitable ＇distressed self＇, and it is within this more complex realm 76 T cells excel thanks to their highly empathetic nature. This review gives an overview of the latest insights revealing the unfolding story of human 76 T cells, providing a biographical sketch of these unique lymphocytes in an attempt to capture the essence of their fundamental nature and events that influence their life trajectory. What hangs in their balance is their nuanced ability to differentiate the friends from the foe and the pathological from the benign to help us adapt swiftly and efficiently to life＇s many stresses.
文摘Multiple sclerosis （MS） is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory-demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, with a strong neurodegenerative component. The question whether neurodegeneration in MS is independent or related to neuroinflammation has been long debated, but not yet fully clarified. Furthermore, little is still known on how neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS are related to potential regenerative processes. In this perspective, we briefly discuss main clinical, pathological and experimental evidence on the relationship between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS, and on their connection with regeneration. We discuss that these processes in MS might represent intercorrelated manifestations of the immune response, especially of the innate immunity.
文摘自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞是一种具有杀伤活性的淋巴细胞,在机体对抗肿瘤、感染等方面发挥重要作用.近年来,NK细胞在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染中的作用日益受到重视,研究证实,NK细胞可通过分泌细胞因子、介导凋亡和杀伤靶细胞等途径参与机体对HBV的免疫应答反应,通过调节N K细胞功能控制H B V感染可能是今后治疗乙型病毒性肝炎的一个新策略.本文从NK细胞对病毒的清除、参与肝脏损伤、对免疫系统的影响以及新的治疗策略的制订等方面进行综述.
