在网络协作学习中,教师通常会根据小组协作成果给予每个组员统一的分数,这种以小组为单位的评价方式并未考虑组员在协作过程中的个体贡献程度。而缺乏个体贡献度评价可能会导致积极成员逐渐减少投入,进而产生"搭便车"等消极...在网络协作学习中,教师通常会根据小组协作成果给予每个组员统一的分数,这种以小组为单位的评价方式并未考虑组员在协作过程中的个体贡献程度。而缺乏个体贡献度评价可能会导致积极成员逐渐减少投入,进而产生"搭便车"等消极协作学习行为。文章通过设计自主与同伴互评(Self-Assessment and Peer-Assessment,SAPA)来评价学习者在网络协作学习过程与成果中的个体贡献度,采用量化与质性相结合的方法来探索SAPA设计的原则和策略,并分析学习者的学习经历及其对评价的看法。结果表明,SAPA方法能够帮助学习者明确个体责任,促进群体成员共同分担小组任务。研究意义在于进一步确认:个体贡献评价分数的构成比例,学习者对评价过程的自主反思以及避免"互惠效应"的多重策略对设计SAPA具有重要价值。展开更多
This paper reviews the development of the urban and rural old age security system in China, and discusses the challenges in the process of constructing a sustained old age security system. Althoughfunding gaps and emp...This paper reviews the development of the urban and rural old age security system in China, and discusses the challenges in the process of constructing a sustained old age security system. Althoughfunding gaps and empty individual accounts have imposed a heavy burden on the sustainability of China ＇s urban pension system, there is a relatively high coverage rate of 35.3 percent for urban workers. However, China＇s pension system provides low coverage ratefor rural farmers. The more rapidly aging population and lower incomes in rural areas pose challenges to the vulnerable rural househoM support system. The separation of the oM age security system between rural and urban areas also puts great pressure as a result of urbanization on farmers who lose their farmland. Therefore, it is urgent for China to speed up the reform o fits old age security system to provide an institutional support for its economic and social transition.展开更多
文摘在网络协作学习中,教师通常会根据小组协作成果给予每个组员统一的分数,这种以小组为单位的评价方式并未考虑组员在协作过程中的个体贡献程度。而缺乏个体贡献度评价可能会导致积极成员逐渐减少投入,进而产生"搭便车"等消极协作学习行为。文章通过设计自主与同伴互评(Self-Assessment and Peer-Assessment,SAPA)来评价学习者在网络协作学习过程与成果中的个体贡献度,采用量化与质性相结合的方法来探索SAPA设计的原则和策略,并分析学习者的学习经历及其对评价的看法。结果表明,SAPA方法能够帮助学习者明确个体责任,促进群体成员共同分担小组任务。研究意义在于进一步确认:个体贡献评价分数的构成比例,学习者对评价过程的自主反思以及避免"互惠效应"的多重策略对设计SAPA具有重要价值。
文摘This paper reviews the development of the urban and rural old age security system in China, and discusses the challenges in the process of constructing a sustained old age security system. Althoughfunding gaps and empty individual accounts have imposed a heavy burden on the sustainability of China ＇s urban pension system, there is a relatively high coverage rate of 35.3 percent for urban workers. However, China＇s pension system provides low coverage ratefor rural farmers. The more rapidly aging population and lower incomes in rural areas pose challenges to the vulnerable rural househoM support system. The separation of the oM age security system between rural and urban areas also puts great pressure as a result of urbanization on farmers who lose their farmland. Therefore, it is urgent for China to speed up the reform o fits old age security system to provide an institutional support for its economic and social transition.
