Mineral consumption is increasing rapidly as more consumers enter the market for minerals and as the global standard of living increases. As a result, underground mining continues to progress to deeper levels in order...Mineral consumption is increasing rapidly as more consumers enter the market for minerals and as the global standard of living increases. As a result, underground mining continues to progress to deeper levels in order to tackle the mineral supply crisis in the 21 st century. However, deep mining occurs in a very technical and challenging environment, in which significant innovative solutions and best practice are required and additional safety standards must be implemented in order to overcome the challenges and reap huge eco- nomic gains. These challenges include the catastrophic events that are often met in deep mining engineering： rockbursts, gas outbursts, high in situ and redistributed stresses, large deformation, squeezing and creeping rocks, and high temperature. This review paper presents the current global status of deep mining and high-lights some of the newest technological achievements and opportunities associated with rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering in deep mining. Of the various technical achievements, unmanned workingfaces and unmanned mines based on fully automated mining and mineral extraction processes have become important fields in the 21 st century.展开更多
Traditional coal mining and utilisation patterns are severely detrimental to natural resources and environments and significantly impede safe, low-carbon, clean, and sustainable utilisation of coal resources. Based on...Traditional coal mining and utilisation patterns are severely detrimental to natural resources and environments and significantly impede safe, low-carbon, clean, and sustainable utilisation of coal resources. Based on the idea of in situ fluidized coal mining that aims to transform solid coal into liquid or gas and transports the fluidized resources to the ground to ensure safe mining and low-carbon and clean utilisation, in this study, we report on a novel in situ unmanned automatic mining method. This includes a flexible, earthworm-like unmanned automatic mining machine (UAMM) and a coal mine layout for in situ fluidized coal mining suitable for the UAMM. The technological and economic advantages and the carbon emission reduction of the UAMM-based in situ fluidized mining in contrast to traditional mining technologies are evaluated as well. The development trends and possible challenges to this design are also discussed. It is estimated that the proposed method costs approximately 49% of traditional coal mining costs. The UAMM-based in situ fluidized mining and transformation method will reduce CO2 emissions by at least 94.9% compared to traditional coal mining and utilisation methods. The proposed approach is expected to achieve safe and environmentally friendly coal mining as well as lowcarbon and clean utilisation of coal.展开更多
In order to obtain the distribution rules of in situ stress and mining-induced stress of Beiminghe Iron Mine, the stress relief method by overcoring was used to measure the in situ stress, and the MC type bore-hole st...In order to obtain the distribution rules of in situ stress and mining-induced stress of Beiminghe Iron Mine, the stress relief method by overcoring was used to measure the in situ stress, and the MC type bore-hole stress gauge was adopted to measure the mining-induced stress. In the in situ stress measuring, the technique of improved hollow inclusion cells was adopted, which can realize complete temperature compensation. Based on the measuring results, the distribution model of in situ stress was established and analyzed. The in situ stress measuring result shows that the maximum horizontal stress is 1.75-2.45 times of vertical stress and almost 1.83 times of the minimum horizontal stress in this mineral field. And the mining-induced stress measuring result shows that, according to the magnitude of front abutment pressure the stress region can be separated into stress-relaxed area, stress- concentrated area and initial stress area. At the -50 m mining level of this mine, the range of stress-relaxed area is 0-3 m before mining face; the range of stress-concentrated area is 3-55 m before mining face, and the maximum mining-induced stress is 16.5-17.5 MPa, which is 15-20 m from the mining face. The coefficient of stress concentration is 1.85.展开更多
Mining industries worldwide have inevitably resorted to exploiting resources from the deep underground.However,traditional mining methods can cause various problems,e.g.,considerable mining difficulty,environmental de...Mining industries worldwide have inevitably resorted to exploiting resources from the deep underground.However,traditional mining methods can cause various problems,e.g.,considerable mining difficulty,environmental degradations,and frequent disastrous accidents.To exploit deep resources in the future,the concept of mining must be reconsidered and innovative new theories,methods,and technologies must be applied.To effectively acquire coal resources deeper than 2000 m,new theoretical and technological concepts about deep in situ fluidized mining are required.The limits of mining depth need to be broken to acquire deep-coal resources in an environmentally friendly,safe,and efficient manner.This is characterized by‘There are no coal on the ground and no men in the coal mine’.First,this paper systematically explains deep in situ fluidized coal mining.Then,it presents a new theoretical concept,including the theories of mining-induced rock mechanics,three-field visualization,multi-physics coupling for in situ transformation,and in situ mining,transformation and transport.It also presents key technological concepts,including those of intelligent,unmanned,and fluidized mining.Finally,this paper presents a strategic roadmap for deep in situ fluidized coal mining.In summary,this paper develops new theoretical and technological systems for accomplishing groundbreaking innovations in mining technologies of coal resources in the deep underground.展开更多
文摘Mineral consumption is increasing rapidly as more consumers enter the market for minerals and as the global standard of living increases. As a result, underground mining continues to progress to deeper levels in order to tackle the mineral supply crisis in the 21 st century. However, deep mining occurs in a very technical and challenging environment, in which significant innovative solutions and best practice are required and additional safety standards must be implemented in order to overcome the challenges and reap huge eco- nomic gains. These challenges include the catastrophic events that are often met in deep mining engineering： rockbursts, gas outbursts, high in situ and redistributed stresses, large deformation, squeezing and creeping rocks, and high temperature. This review paper presents the current global status of deep mining and high-lights some of the newest technological achievements and opportunities associated with rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering in deep mining. Of the various technical achievements, unmanned workingfaces and unmanned mines based on fully automated mining and mineral extraction processes have become important fields in the 21 st century.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the State Key Research Development Program of China (Grant Number 2016YFC0600705)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 51674251, 51727807, and 51374213)+1 种基金the National Major Project for Science and Technology (Grant Number 2017ZX05049003-006)and the Innovation Teams of Ten-thousand Talents Program sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Number 2016RA4067).
文摘Traditional coal mining and utilisation patterns are severely detrimental to natural resources and environments and significantly impede safe, low-carbon, clean, and sustainable utilisation of coal resources. Based on the idea of in situ fluidized coal mining that aims to transform solid coal into liquid or gas and transports the fluidized resources to the ground to ensure safe mining and low-carbon and clean utilisation, in this study, we report on a novel in situ unmanned automatic mining method. This includes a flexible, earthworm-like unmanned automatic mining machine (UAMM) and a coal mine layout for in situ fluidized coal mining suitable for the UAMM. The technological and economic advantages and the carbon emission reduction of the UAMM-based in situ fluidized mining in contrast to traditional mining technologies are evaluated as well. The development trends and possible challenges to this design are also discussed. It is estimated that the proposed method costs approximately 49% of traditional coal mining costs. The UAMM-based in situ fluidized mining and transformation method will reduce CO2 emissions by at least 94.9% compared to traditional coal mining and utilisation methods. The proposed approach is expected to achieve safe and environmentally friendly coal mining as well as lowcarbon and clean utilisation of coal.
基金Projects(10702072, 10632100) supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to obtain the distribution rules of in situ stress and mining-induced stress of Beiminghe Iron Mine, the stress relief method by overcoring was used to measure the in situ stress, and the MC type bore-hole stress gauge was adopted to measure the mining-induced stress. In the in situ stress measuring, the technique of improved hollow inclusion cells was adopted, which can realize complete temperature compensation. Based on the measuring results, the distribution model of in situ stress was established and analyzed. The in situ stress measuring result shows that the maximum horizontal stress is 1.75-2.45 times of vertical stress and almost 1.83 times of the minimum horizontal stress in this mineral field. And the mining-induced stress measuring result shows that, according to the magnitude of front abutment pressure the stress region can be separated into stress-relaxed area, stress- concentrated area and initial stress area. At the -50 m mining level of this mine, the range of stress-relaxed area is 0-3 m before mining face; the range of stress-concentrated area is 3-55 m before mining face, and the maximum mining-induced stress is 16.5-17.5 MPa, which is 15-20 m from the mining face. The coefficient of stress concentration is 1.85.
基金the State Key Research Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFC0600700,2016YFC0600701,and 2016YFC0600705)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51727807,51674251,and 51374213)+1 种基金the National Major Project for Science and Technology(Grant No.2017ZX05049003-006)the Innovation Teams of Ten-thousand Talents Program sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2016RA4067).
文摘Mining industries worldwide have inevitably resorted to exploiting resources from the deep underground.However,traditional mining methods can cause various problems,e.g.,considerable mining difficulty,environmental degradations,and frequent disastrous accidents.To exploit deep resources in the future,the concept of mining must be reconsidered and innovative new theories,methods,and technologies must be applied.To effectively acquire coal resources deeper than 2000 m,new theoretical and technological concepts about deep in situ fluidized mining are required.The limits of mining depth need to be broken to acquire deep-coal resources in an environmentally friendly,safe,and efficient manner.This is characterized by‘There are no coal on the ground and no men in the coal mine’.First,this paper systematically explains deep in situ fluidized coal mining.Then,it presents a new theoretical concept,including the theories of mining-induced rock mechanics,three-field visualization,multi-physics coupling for in situ transformation,and in situ mining,transformation and transport.It also presents key technological concepts,including those of intelligent,unmanned,and fluidized mining.Finally,this paper presents a strategic roadmap for deep in situ fluidized coal mining.In summary,this paper develops new theoretical and technological systems for accomplishing groundbreaking innovations in mining technologies of coal resources in the deep underground.
