不透水层是指能够隔离地表水渗透到土壤的覆盖表面,以不透水层分布变化来研究铜川城市化进程。利用决策树分类结合生物物理成分指数(BCI)和裸土指数(MBSI)的方法对1986,1991,1996,2002,2007,2012和2017年的遥感影像数进行不透水层提取,...不透水层是指能够隔离地表水渗透到土壤的覆盖表面,以不透水层分布变化来研究铜川城市化进程。利用决策树分类结合生物物理成分指数(BCI)和裸土指数(MBSI)的方法对1986,1991,1996,2002,2007,2012和2017年的遥感影像数进行不透水层提取,采用指标分析、重心轨迹偏移等方法探究不透水层空间扩展特征,并结合统计年鉴、DEM数据研究铜川市不透水层扩展驱动机制。结果表明:文中提出的基于决策树分类模型结合BCI和MBSI的方法对不透水层提取与验证数据的拟合优度达到0.88.铜川市的不透水层面积持续增加,面积从1986年的5.7 km 2增加到2017年的61.5 km 2,年均增长速度高达1.8%,特别是2007—2017年是快速城市化时期,增长面积占31 a变化总面积的69.3%.不透水层的重心呈先北后南的阶段性变化,1986—2002年向北移动,2002—2007年向南移动,2007—2017年继续向西南方向移动。通过对驱动力指标分析表明,经济及人口增长对不透水层扩展有着直接推动作用,矿产资源分布、地理环境限制和规划政策引导为影响研究区不透水层变化的主要因素。展开更多
This study used the finite element method （FEM） to analyze the stress field and seepage field of a roller-compacted concrete （RCC） dam, with an upstream impervious layer constructed with different types of concret...This study used the finite element method （FEM） to analyze the stress field and seepage field of a roller-compacted concrete （RCC） dam, with an upstream impervious layer constructed with different types of concrete materials, including three-graded RCC, two-graded RCC, conven- tional vibrated concrete （CVC）, and grout-enriched vibrated RCC （GEVR）, corresponding to the design schemes S 1 through $4. It also evaluated the anti-seepage performance of the imperious layer in the four design schemes under the normal water level and flood-check level. Stress field analysis of a retaining section and discharge section shows that the maximum tensile stress occurs near the dam heel, the maximum compressive stress occurs near the dam toe, and the stress distributions in the four schemes can satisfy the stress control criteria. Seepage field analysis shows that the uplift pressure heads in schemes S3 and S4 descend rapidly in the anti-seepage region, and that the calculated results of daily seepage flow under the steady seepage condition in these two schemes are about 30%-50% lower than those in the other two schemes, demonstrating that CVC and GEVR show better anti-seepage performance. The results provide essential parameters such as the uplift pressure head and seelga^e flow for physical model tests and anti-seepage structure selection in RCC dams.展开更多
文摘不透水层是指能够隔离地表水渗透到土壤的覆盖表面,以不透水层分布变化来研究铜川城市化进程。利用决策树分类结合生物物理成分指数(BCI)和裸土指数(MBSI)的方法对1986,1991,1996,2002,2007,2012和2017年的遥感影像数进行不透水层提取,采用指标分析、重心轨迹偏移等方法探究不透水层空间扩展特征,并结合统计年鉴、DEM数据研究铜川市不透水层扩展驱动机制。结果表明:文中提出的基于决策树分类模型结合BCI和MBSI的方法对不透水层提取与验证数据的拟合优度达到0.88.铜川市的不透水层面积持续增加,面积从1986年的5.7 km 2增加到2017年的61.5 km 2,年均增长速度高达1.8%,特别是2007—2017年是快速城市化时期,增长面积占31 a变化总面积的69.3%.不透水层的重心呈先北后南的阶段性变化,1986—2002年向北移动,2002—2007年向南移动,2007—2017年继续向西南方向移动。通过对驱动力指标分析表明,经济及人口增长对不透水层扩展有着直接推动作用,矿产资源分布、地理环境限制和规划政策引导为影响研究区不透水层变化的主要因素。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2013CB035903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.51321065 and 51209159)
文摘This study used the finite element method （FEM） to analyze the stress field and seepage field of a roller-compacted concrete （RCC） dam, with an upstream impervious layer constructed with different types of concrete materials, including three-graded RCC, two-graded RCC, conven- tional vibrated concrete （CVC）, and grout-enriched vibrated RCC （GEVR）, corresponding to the design schemes S 1 through $4. It also evaluated the anti-seepage performance of the imperious layer in the four design schemes under the normal water level and flood-check level. Stress field analysis of a retaining section and discharge section shows that the maximum tensile stress occurs near the dam heel, the maximum compressive stress occurs near the dam toe, and the stress distributions in the four schemes can satisfy the stress control criteria. Seepage field analysis shows that the uplift pressure heads in schemes S3 and S4 descend rapidly in the anti-seepage region, and that the calculated results of daily seepage flow under the steady seepage condition in these two schemes are about 30%-50% lower than those in the other two schemes, demonstrating that CVC and GEVR show better anti-seepage performance. The results provide essential parameters such as the uplift pressure head and seelga^e flow for physical model tests and anti-seepage structure selection in RCC dams.
