A pressing challenge for China is determining where to accommodate millions of migrant workers displaced by the closing of many export-oriented factories. The current global financial crisis＂ has exposed the fragilit...A pressing challenge for China is determining where to accommodate millions of migrant workers displaced by the closing of many export-oriented factories. The current global financial crisis＂ has exposed the fragility of the export-led growth strategy China has adopted over the past 30years. Is there a better alternative for providing non-agricultural jobs than the sweatshops of cheap export production？ In the present paper, international experience is reviewed to shed light on China＇s situation. Using pooled regression models, we analyze data from the World Bank for 209 economies. We investigate the experience of other economies to answer the following questions： What is the common process of expanding the nonagricultural economy？ How is that process affected by the level of the real exchange rate？ Is export production a common way of absorbing surplus rural labor？ Finally, what are the ways that domestic demand and service employment can be expanded？展开更多
Domain name system(DNS),as one of the most critical internet infrastructure,has been abused by various cyber attacks.Current malicious domain detection capabilities are limited by insufficient credible label informati...Domain name system(DNS),as one of the most critical internet infrastructure,has been abused by various cyber attacks.Current malicious domain detection capabilities are limited by insufficient credible label information,severe class imbalance,and incompact distribution of domain samples in different malicious activities.This paper proposes a malicious domain detection framework named PUMD,which innovatively introduces Positive and Unlabeled(PU)learning solution to solve the problem of insuffcient label information,adopts customized sample weight to improve the impact of class imbalance,and effectively constructs evidence features based on resource overlapping to reduce the intra-class distance of malicious samples.Besides,a feature selection strategy based on permutation importance and binning is proposed to screen the most informative detection features.Finally,we conduct experiments on the open source real DNS traffic dataset provided by QI-ANXIN Technology Group to evaluate the PUMD framework's abil-ity to capture potential command and control(C&C)domains for malicious activities.The experimental results prove that PUMD can achieve the best detection performance under different label frequencies and class imbalance ratios.展开更多
Objective To study the feasibility of the crossover trial design and the minimal imbalance index random distribution method in the clinical small-sample-size randomized controlled trial（RCT） research of thalamic pai...Objective To study the feasibility of the crossover trial design and the minimal imbalance index random distribution method in the clinical small-sample-size randomized controlled trial（RCT） research of thalamic pain treated with acupuncture under the guidance of evidence-based medicine（EBM）.Methods The crossover trial design was adopted.Eleven cases with the definite diagnosis were randomized into a program-I group（6 cases,treated with acupuncture before western medicine） and a program-II group（5 cases,treated with western medicine before acupuncture） according to the minimal imbalance index method.In the statistical analysis,the groups were named as an acupuncture group and a western medicine group separately,11 cases in each one.Acupuncture was applied to Xìmén（郄门 PC 4）,Yīnxì（阴郄 HT 6）,Xuèhǎi（血海 SP 10）,etc.In the control treatment,Carbamazepine was prescribed for oral administration.Either the duration of treatment or the wash-out period was 10 days.The visual analogue scale（VAS） was adopted for the efficacy assessment.Results The total effective was 100.0%（11/11） after treatment in either group.The remarkably effective rates were 63.6%（7/11） and 36.4%（4/11） in the acupuncture group and the western medicine group separately,without statistically significant difference in comparison.Conclusion The crossover trial design and the minimal imbalance index distribution method can accomplish RCT of the clinical acupuncture and moxibustion research with the small sample size involved.They can provide the high-quality evidences for clinical acupuncture research.Acupuncture therapy can achieve the same therapeutic effect as Carbamazepine,the common western medicine,and the efficacy of it is potentially superior to that of western medicine.展开更多
Particle-particle collisions in materials give rise to a particle distribution in energy and momentum in such a way that a most probable distribution is realized. I will show that an evaporating liquid generates a mol...Particle-particle collisions in materials give rise to a particle distribution in energy and momentum in such a way that a most probable distribution is realized. I will show that an evaporating liquid generates a molecular imbalance in the equilibrium energy distribution. The molecular collisions by their inherent nature are able to repair the imbalance and in so doing it is shown that the liquids cool down. Similarly an external electric field creates substantial imbalance in the momentum distribution for the electrons in ionic semiconductors. Electron-electron collisions are able to restore the imbalance and as a consequence, similar to the evaporating liquid, the electron gas loses thermal energy and cools down.展开更多
Phase imbalance is a significant and widespread problem in low voltage(LV,415V)networks.This paper develops a novel incentive scheme that encourages flexible customers to engage in phase balancing.On the technical sid...Phase imbalance is a significant and widespread problem in low voltage(LV,415V)networks.This paper develops a novel incentive scheme that encourages flexible customers to engage in phase balancing.On the technical side,this incentive scheme is based on a centralized control algorithm utilizing the inherent fexibility of customers'AC/DC converters to achieve phase balancing at the substation side of LV networks.On the incentive side,first,this paper calculates the benefits from phase balancing.It then defines a rebalancing contribution index that quantifies the flexible customer's contribution to addressing the predominant imbalance-induced consequence,e.g,capacity wastes,and energy losses.According to the contribution indices and the benefits,the incentive scheme rewards flexible customers correspondingly and guides them to prioritize the predominant consequence of phase imbalance.Case studies demonstrate that:1)the remunerations paid to the flexible customers primarily depends on their contributions to addressing the predominant imbalance-induced consequences for the network in question;2)the incentive scheme does not discriminate against small/medium-sized flexible customers who are dedicated to phase balancing,thus promoting inclusiveness.展开更多
Learning from imbalanced data is one of the greatest challenging problems in binary classification,and this problem has gained more importance in recent years.When the class distribution is imbalanced,classical machin...Learning from imbalanced data is one of the greatest challenging problems in binary classification,and this problem has gained more importance in recent years.When the class distribution is imbalanced,classical machine learning algorithms tend to move strongly towards the majority class and disregard the minority.Therefore,the accuracy may be high,but the model cannot recognize data instances in the minority class to classify them,leading to many misclassifications.Different methods have been proposed in the literature to handle the imbalance problem,but most are complicated and tend to simulate unnecessary noise.In this paper,we propose a simple oversampling method based on Multivariate Gaussian distribution and K-means clustering,called GK-Means.The new method aims to avoid generating noise and control imbalances between and within classes.Various experiments have been carried out with six classifiers and four oversampling methods.Experimental results on different imbalanced datasets show that the proposed GK-Means outperforms other oversampling methods and improves classification performance as measured by F1-score and Accuracy.展开更多
文摘A pressing challenge for China is determining where to accommodate millions of migrant workers displaced by the closing of many export-oriented factories. The current global financial crisis＂ has exposed the fragility of the export-led growth strategy China has adopted over the past 30years. Is there a better alternative for providing non-agricultural jobs than the sweatshops of cheap export production？ In the present paper, international experience is reviewed to shed light on China＇s situation. Using pooled regression models, we analyze data from the World Bank for 209 economies. We investigate the experience of other economies to answer the following questions： What is the common process of expanding the nonagricultural economy？ How is that process affected by the level of the real exchange rate？ Is export production a common way of absorbing surplus rural labor？ Finally, what are the ways that domestic demand and service employment can be expanded？
基金This research is supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFF0307203,2019QY1300)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2021156),the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDC02040100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61802404).
文摘Domain name system(DNS),as one of the most critical internet infrastructure,has been abused by various cyber attacks.Current malicious domain detection capabilities are limited by insufficient credible label information,severe class imbalance,and incompact distribution of domain samples in different malicious activities.This paper proposes a malicious domain detection framework named PUMD,which innovatively introduces Positive and Unlabeled(PU)learning solution to solve the problem of insuffcient label information,adopts customized sample weight to improve the impact of class imbalance,and effectively constructs evidence features based on resource overlapping to reduce the intra-class distance of malicious samples.Besides,a feature selection strategy based on permutation importance and binning is proposed to screen the most informative detection features.Finally,we conduct experiments on the open source real DNS traffic dataset provided by QI-ANXIN Technology Group to evaluate the PUMD framework's abil-ity to capture potential command and control(C&C)domains for malicious activities.The experimental results prove that PUMD can achieve the best detection performance under different label frequencies and class imbalance ratios.
基金Supported by research project of "Innovation Engineering" of The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM:Academy 0804
文摘Objective To study the feasibility of the crossover trial design and the minimal imbalance index random distribution method in the clinical small-sample-size randomized controlled trial（RCT） research of thalamic pain treated with acupuncture under the guidance of evidence-based medicine（EBM）.Methods The crossover trial design was adopted.Eleven cases with the definite diagnosis were randomized into a program-I group（6 cases,treated with acupuncture before western medicine） and a program-II group（5 cases,treated with western medicine before acupuncture） according to the minimal imbalance index method.In the statistical analysis,the groups were named as an acupuncture group and a western medicine group separately,11 cases in each one.Acupuncture was applied to Xìmén（郄门 PC 4）,Yīnxì（阴郄 HT 6）,Xuèhǎi（血海 SP 10）,etc.In the control treatment,Carbamazepine was prescribed for oral administration.Either the duration of treatment or the wash-out period was 10 days.The visual analogue scale（VAS） was adopted for the efficacy assessment.Results The total effective was 100.0%（11/11） after treatment in either group.The remarkably effective rates were 63.6%（7/11） and 36.4%（4/11） in the acupuncture group and the western medicine group separately,without statistically significant difference in comparison.Conclusion The crossover trial design and the minimal imbalance index distribution method can accomplish RCT of the clinical acupuncture and moxibustion research with the small sample size involved.They can provide the high-quality evidences for clinical acupuncture research.Acupuncture therapy can achieve the same therapeutic effect as Carbamazepine,the common western medicine,and the efficacy of it is potentially superior to that of western medicine.
文摘Particle-particle collisions in materials give rise to a particle distribution in energy and momentum in such a way that a most probable distribution is realized. I will show that an evaporating liquid generates a molecular imbalance in the equilibrium energy distribution. The molecular collisions by their inherent nature are able to repair the imbalance and in so doing it is shown that the liquids cool down. Similarly an external electric field creates substantial imbalance in the momentum distribution for the electrons in ionic semiconductors. Electron-electron collisions are able to restore the imbalance and as a consequence, similar to the evaporating liquid, the electron gas loses thermal energy and cools down.
文摘Phase imbalance is a significant and widespread problem in low voltage(LV,415V)networks.This paper develops a novel incentive scheme that encourages flexible customers to engage in phase balancing.On the technical side,this incentive scheme is based on a centralized control algorithm utilizing the inherent fexibility of customers'AC/DC converters to achieve phase balancing at the substation side of LV networks.On the incentive side,first,this paper calculates the benefits from phase balancing.It then defines a rebalancing contribution index that quantifies the flexible customer's contribution to addressing the predominant imbalance-induced consequence,e.g,capacity wastes,and energy losses.According to the contribution indices and the benefits,the incentive scheme rewards flexible customers correspondingly and guides them to prioritize the predominant consequence of phase imbalance.Case studies demonstrate that:1)the remunerations paid to the flexible customers primarily depends on their contributions to addressing the predominant imbalance-induced consequences for the network in question;2)the incentive scheme does not discriminate against small/medium-sized flexible customers who are dedicated to phase balancing,thus promoting inclusiveness.
文摘Learning from imbalanced data is one of the greatest challenging problems in binary classification,and this problem has gained more importance in recent years.When the class distribution is imbalanced,classical machine learning algorithms tend to move strongly towards the majority class and disregard the minority.Therefore,the accuracy may be high,but the model cannot recognize data instances in the minority class to classify them,leading to many misclassifications.Different methods have been proposed in the literature to handle the imbalance problem,but most are complicated and tend to simulate unnecessary noise.In this paper,we propose a simple oversampling method based on Multivariate Gaussian distribution and K-means clustering,called GK-Means.The new method aims to avoid generating noise and control imbalances between and within classes.Various experiments have been carried out with six classifiers and four oversampling methods.Experimental results on different imbalanced datasets show that the proposed GK-Means outperforms other oversampling methods and improves classification performance as measured by F1-score and Accuracy.
