Deficiencies in vitamins or other factors(B6,B12,folic acid, betaine)and genetic disorders for the metabolism of the non-protein amino acid-homocysteine(Hcy)lead to hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy).HHcy is an integral compo...Deficiencies in vitamins or other factors(B6,B12,folic acid, betaine)and genetic disorders for the metabolism of the non-protein amino acid-homocysteine(Hcy)lead to hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy).HHcy is an integral component of several disorders including cardiovascular disease,neurodegeneration,diabetes and alcoholic liver disease.HHcy unleashes mediators of inflammation such as NFκB,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-8,increases production of intracellular superoxide anion causing oxidative stress and reducing intracellular level of nitric oxide(NO),and induces endoplasrnic reticulum(ER)stress which can explain many processes of Hcy-promoted cell injury such as apoptosis, fat accumulation,and inflammation.Animal models have played an important role in determining the biological effects of HHcy.ER stress may also be involved in other liver diseases such as α_1-antitrypsin(α_1-AT)deficiency and hepatitis C and/or B virus infection.Future research should evaluate the possible potentiative effects of alcohol and hepatic virus infection on ER stress-induced liver injury,study potentially beneficial effects of lowering Hcy and preventing ER stress in alcoholic humans,and examine polymorphisrn of Hcy metabolizing enzymes as potential risk-factors for the development of HHcy and liver disease.展开更多
基金Supported by the U.S.National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,R01 AA014428 and by the Robert E.and May R.Wright Foundation,No.263
文摘Deficiencies in vitamins or other factors(B6,B12,folic acid, betaine)and genetic disorders for the metabolism of the non-protein amino acid-homocysteine(Hcy)lead to hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy).HHcy is an integral component of several disorders including cardiovascular disease,neurodegeneration,diabetes and alcoholic liver disease.HHcy unleashes mediators of inflammation such as NFκB,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-8,increases production of intracellular superoxide anion causing oxidative stress and reducing intracellular level of nitric oxide(NO),and induces endoplasrnic reticulum(ER)stress which can explain many processes of Hcy-promoted cell injury such as apoptosis, fat accumulation,and inflammation.Animal models have played an important role in determining the biological effects of HHcy.ER stress may also be involved in other liver diseases such as α_1-antitrypsin(α_1-AT)deficiency and hepatitis C and/or B virus infection.Future research should evaluate the possible potentiative effects of alcohol and hepatic virus infection on ER stress-induced liver injury,study potentially beneficial effects of lowering Hcy and preventing ER stress in alcoholic humans,and examine polymorphisrn of Hcy metabolizing enzymes as potential risk-factors for the development of HHcy and liver disease.
