This study presents evidence from analyses of the acoustic parameters of fluent continuous speech to show that within-paragraph prosodic phrase boundaries are related more to contrasts of neighborhood prosodic states ...This study presents evidence from analyses of the acoustic parameters of fluent continuous speech to show that within-paragraph prosodic phrase boundaries are related more to contrasts of neighborhood prosodic states rather than between-phrase pause durations; prosodic states receive more constraints from higher level discourse information. By revising a modular acoustic model by Tseng＇s hierarchical prosodic phrase grouping framework and examining the much varied prosodic phrase （PPh） boundary B3 within speech paragraph, we show that statistical accounts of layered contributions reveal distinct contrasts between boundary immediate duration and intensity patterns irrespective of pause duration. Contrasts of FO contour patterns were also observed in these locations. Evidence was also obtained to illustrate how PPh boundary states are specified more by higher level discourse information than by lower level prosodic word construction. These combined results suggest that contrastive neighboring prosodic states are more significant cues to PPh boundaries than boundary pause duration. The results also help explain why in fluent speech between-phrase pause durations vary greatly, and can be applied to automatic speech segmentation.展开更多
<strong>Objective</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>: </strong>Since the...<strong>Objective</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>: </strong>Since the identification of COVID-19 in December 2019 as a pandemic, over 4500 research papers were published with the term “COVID-19” contained in its title. Many of these reports on the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that the coronavirus was associated with more serious chronic diseases and mortality particularly in patients with chronic diseases regardless of country and age. Therefore, there is a need to understand how common comorbidities and other factors are associated with the risk of death due to COVID-19 infection. Our investigation aims at exploring this relationship. Specifically, our analysis aimed to explore the relationship between the total number of COVID-19 cases and mortality associated with COVID-19 infection accounting for other risk factors. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Due to the presence of over dispersion, the Negative Binomial Regression is used to model the aggregate number of COVID-19 cases. Case-fatality associated with this infection is modeled as an outcome variable using machine learning predictive multivariable regression. The data we used are the COVID-19 cases and associated deaths from the start of the pandemic up to December 02-2020, the day Pfizer was granted approval for their new COVID-19 vaccine. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Our analysis found significant regional variation in case fatality. Moreover, the aggregate number of cases had several risk factors including chronic kidney disease, population density and the percentage of gross domestic product spent on healthcare. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The Conclusions</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: There are important regional variations in COVID-19 case fatality. We identified three factors to be significantly correlated with cas展开更多
文摘This study presents evidence from analyses of the acoustic parameters of fluent continuous speech to show that within-paragraph prosodic phrase boundaries are related more to contrasts of neighborhood prosodic states rather than between-phrase pause durations; prosodic states receive more constraints from higher level discourse information. By revising a modular acoustic model by Tseng＇s hierarchical prosodic phrase grouping framework and examining the much varied prosodic phrase （PPh） boundary B3 within speech paragraph, we show that statistical accounts of layered contributions reveal distinct contrasts between boundary immediate duration and intensity patterns irrespective of pause duration. Contrasts of FO contour patterns were also observed in these locations. Evidence was also obtained to illustrate how PPh boundary states are specified more by higher level discourse information than by lower level prosodic word construction. These combined results suggest that contrastive neighboring prosodic states are more significant cues to PPh boundaries than boundary pause duration. The results also help explain why in fluent speech between-phrase pause durations vary greatly, and can be applied to automatic speech segmentation.
文摘<strong>Objective</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>: </strong>Since the identification of COVID-19 in December 2019 as a pandemic, over 4500 research papers were published with the term “COVID-19” contained in its title. Many of these reports on the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that the coronavirus was associated with more serious chronic diseases and mortality particularly in patients with chronic diseases regardless of country and age. Therefore, there is a need to understand how common comorbidities and other factors are associated with the risk of death due to COVID-19 infection. Our investigation aims at exploring this relationship. Specifically, our analysis aimed to explore the relationship between the total number of COVID-19 cases and mortality associated with COVID-19 infection accounting for other risk factors. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Due to the presence of over dispersion, the Negative Binomial Regression is used to model the aggregate number of COVID-19 cases. Case-fatality associated with this infection is modeled as an outcome variable using machine learning predictive multivariable regression. The data we used are the COVID-19 cases and associated deaths from the start of the pandemic up to December 02-2020, the day Pfizer was granted approval for their new COVID-19 vaccine. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: Our analysis found significant regional variation in case fatality. Moreover, the aggregate number of cases had several risk factors including chronic kidney disease, population density and the percentage of gross domestic product spent on healthcare. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The Conclusions</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: There are important regional variations in COVID-19 case fatality. We identified three factors to be significantly correlated with cas
