The numerous non-sulfide zinc ore deposits were the historical basis for the development of zinc mining in Iran.They include the Mehdiabad,Irankouh and Angouran world-class deposits,as well as the Zarigan and Haft-har...The numerous non-sulfide zinc ore deposits were the historical basis for the development of zinc mining in Iran.They include the Mehdiabad,Irankouh and Angouran world-class deposits,as well as the Zarigan and Haft-har deposits.These deposits were formed by supergene oxidation of primary sulfide minerals during the complex interplay of tectonic uplift,karst development,changes in the level of the water table,and weathering.Zn(Pb)carbonates,Zn-hydrosilicates and associated hydrated phases directly replace the primary ore bodies or fill cavities along fractures related to uplift tectonics.Direct replacement of primary sulfides is accompanied by distal precipitation of zinc non-sulfide minerals in cavities or internal sediments filling.The mineralogy of the non-sulfide mineralization in all six deposits is generally complex and consists of smithsonite,hydrozincite,and hemimorphite as the main economic minerals,accompanied by iron and manganese oxy-hydroxides and residual clays.Commonly,non-sulfide minerals in these deposits consist of two types of ore:red zinc ore(RZO),rich in Zn,Fe,Pb-(As)and white zinc ore(WZO),typically with very high zinc grades but low concentrations of iron and lead.Typical minerals of the RZO are Fe-oxyhydroxides,goethite,hematite,hemimorphite,smithsonite and/or hydrozincite and cerussite.Common minerals of the WZO are smithsonite or hydrozincite and only minor amounts of Fe-oxyhydroxides and hemimorphite.展开更多
The flotation of hemimorphite using the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process,which includes sulfidization with sodium sulfide,activation by lead cations,and subsequent flotation with xanthate,was investigated.The flotation...The flotation of hemimorphite using the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process,which includes sulfidization with sodium sulfide,activation by lead cations,and subsequent flotation with xanthate,was investigated.The flotation results indicated that hemimorphite floats when the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process is used; a maximum recovery of approximately 90% was obtained.Zeta-potential,contact-angle,scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry(SEM–EDS),and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) measurements were used to characterize the activation products on the hemimorphite surface and their subsequent interaction with sodium butyl xanthate(SBX).The results showed that a Zn S coating formed on the hemimorphite surface after the sample was conditioned in an Na2 S solution.However,the formation of a Zn S coating on the hemimorphite surface did not improve hemimorphite flotation.With the subsequent addition of lead cations,Pb S species formed on the mineral surface.The formation of the Pb S species on the surface of hemimorphite significantly increased the adsorption capacity of SBX,forming lead xanthate(referred to as chemical adsorption) and leading to a substantial improvement in hemimorphite flotation.Our results indicate that the addition of lead cations is a critical step in the successful flotation of hemimorphite using the sulfidization–lead ion activation–xanthate process.展开更多
Oxidized lead and zinc resources have been underutilized for a long time.With the rapid depletion of the lead-zinc sulfide ores,there is an urgent need to increase the efficient utilization of lead-zinc oxide ores.Flo...Oxidized lead and zinc resources have been underutilized for a long time.With the rapid depletion of the lead-zinc sulfide ores,there is an urgent need to increase the efficient utilization of lead-zinc oxide ores.Flotation is a versatile method for the pre-enrichment of lead-zinc oxide ores.Due to the strong hydration of lead-zinc oxide minerals and the easy dissolution of metal ions on the surface,the flotation separation of lead-zinc oxide ores remains a major challenge to date.Therefore,sulfidation reconstruction of oxidized lead-zinc minerals prior to flotation is crucial for altering their surface properties.This paper reviews the progress of sulfidation pretreatment technology for typical lead-zinc oxide minerals,including cerussite,smithsonite,and hemimorphite.Currently,the utilization of sulfurizing agents for surface sulfidation pretreatment of lead-zinc oxide minerals,followed by flotation recovery using amine collectors,represents the most widely employed process.Constrained by factors such as low sulfidation rates and the propensity for sulfidation products to desorb,flotation recovery of lead-zinc oxide ores remains low.At present,reinforced mineral surface sulfidation by the addition of ammonium salts is a common method to increase the sulfidation rate of lead-zinc oxide ores.In particular,this paper summarizes the mechanisms of different sulfidation reconstruction technologies and analyses the main factors affecting surface sulfidation,as well as outlines the prospects for future research.展开更多
文摘The numerous non-sulfide zinc ore deposits were the historical basis for the development of zinc mining in Iran.They include the Mehdiabad,Irankouh and Angouran world-class deposits,as well as the Zarigan and Haft-har deposits.These deposits were formed by supergene oxidation of primary sulfide minerals during the complex interplay of tectonic uplift,karst development,changes in the level of the water table,and weathering.Zn(Pb)carbonates,Zn-hydrosilicates and associated hydrated phases directly replace the primary ore bodies or fill cavities along fractures related to uplift tectonics.Direct replacement of primary sulfides is accompanied by distal precipitation of zinc non-sulfide minerals in cavities or internal sediments filling.The mineralogy of the non-sulfide mineralization in all six deposits is generally complex and consists of smithsonite,hydrozincite,and hemimorphite as the main economic minerals,accompanied by iron and manganese oxy-hydroxides and residual clays.Commonly,non-sulfide minerals in these deposits consist of two types of ore:red zinc ore(RZO),rich in Zn,Fe,Pb-(As)and white zinc ore(WZO),typically with very high zinc grades but low concentrations of iron and lead.Typical minerals of the RZO are Fe-oxyhydroxides,goethite,hematite,hemimorphite,smithsonite and/or hydrozincite and cerussite.Common minerals of the WZO are smithsonite or hydrozincite and only minor amounts of Fe-oxyhydroxides and hemimorphite.
基金financially supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No.2014CB643402)the Collaborative Innovation Center for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Metal Mineral Resources of Central South University
文摘The flotation of hemimorphite using the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process,which includes sulfidization with sodium sulfide,activation by lead cations,and subsequent flotation with xanthate,was investigated.The flotation results indicated that hemimorphite floats when the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process is used; a maximum recovery of approximately 90% was obtained.Zeta-potential,contact-angle,scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry(SEM–EDS),and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) measurements were used to characterize the activation products on the hemimorphite surface and their subsequent interaction with sodium butyl xanthate(SBX).The results showed that a Zn S coating formed on the hemimorphite surface after the sample was conditioned in an Na2 S solution.However,the formation of a Zn S coating on the hemimorphite surface did not improve hemimorphite flotation.With the subsequent addition of lead cations,Pb S species formed on the mineral surface.The formation of the Pb S species on the surface of hemimorphite significantly increased the adsorption capacity of SBX,forming lead xanthate(referred to as chemical adsorption) and leading to a substantial improvement in hemimorphite flotation.Our results indicate that the addition of lead cations is a critical step in the successful flotation of hemimorphite using the sulfidization–lead ion activation–xanthate process.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52374260)。
文摘Oxidized lead and zinc resources have been underutilized for a long time.With the rapid depletion of the lead-zinc sulfide ores,there is an urgent need to increase the efficient utilization of lead-zinc oxide ores.Flotation is a versatile method for the pre-enrichment of lead-zinc oxide ores.Due to the strong hydration of lead-zinc oxide minerals and the easy dissolution of metal ions on the surface,the flotation separation of lead-zinc oxide ores remains a major challenge to date.Therefore,sulfidation reconstruction of oxidized lead-zinc minerals prior to flotation is crucial for altering their surface properties.This paper reviews the progress of sulfidation pretreatment technology for typical lead-zinc oxide minerals,including cerussite,smithsonite,and hemimorphite.Currently,the utilization of sulfurizing agents for surface sulfidation pretreatment of lead-zinc oxide minerals,followed by flotation recovery using amine collectors,represents the most widely employed process.Constrained by factors such as low sulfidation rates and the propensity for sulfidation products to desorb,flotation recovery of lead-zinc oxide ores remains low.At present,reinforced mineral surface sulfidation by the addition of ammonium salts is a common method to increase the sulfidation rate of lead-zinc oxide ores.In particular,this paper summarizes the mechanisms of different sulfidation reconstruction technologies and analyses the main factors affecting surface sulfidation,as well as outlines the prospects for future research.
