Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural a...Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural and synthetic anxiolytics. Researchers believe that rodent grooming can be a valuable tool in translational neurobiological studies, specifically focusing on aberrant grooming, such as the syntactic chain of grooming, which can serve as an experimental model for certain human psycho-nervous disorders.展开更多
In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological ma...In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.展开更多
目的观察快速眼动期(REM)睡眠剥夺诱导大鼠焦虑相关自我修饰行为指标以及与血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)浓度的相关性。方法将24只大鼠随机分为睡眠剥夺组和对照组,每组12只。对照组大鼠常规饲养,不予干扰睡眠;睡眠剥夺组采用改良的多平台水环境...目的观察快速眼动期(REM)睡眠剥夺诱导大鼠焦虑相关自我修饰行为指标以及与血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)浓度的相关性。方法将24只大鼠随机分为睡眠剥夺组和对照组,每组12只。对照组大鼠常规饲养,不予干扰睡眠;睡眠剥夺组采用改良的多平台水环境法,通过72 h REM睡眠剥夺诱导大鼠焦虑样行为。造模前后两组均进行旷场(OF)试验,造模后两组通过高架O迷宫(EOM)试验和自我修饰行为分析进行焦虑的量化评定,并检测血清5-HT浓度。结果造模前,睡眠剥夺组水平和垂直分数与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);造模后睡眠剥夺组水平和垂直分数均明显低于对照组(均P<0.01);睡眠剥夺组进入闭合臂次数多于对照组,进入开放臂次数的百分比低于对照组(均P<0.05);睡眠剥夺组错误的转换次数(IT)、中断修饰的次数、错误的转换百分比(IT%)和中断梳理的百分比均较对照组为高(均P<0.01);对照组血清5-HT浓度高于睡眠剥夺组,睡眠剥夺组IT%与5-HT浓度之间存在负向相关性(P<0.05)。结论REM睡眠剥夺诱导了焦虑样行为,且其中自我修饰行为参数与血清5-HT浓度存在一定相关性。展开更多
Targeted muscle reinnervation has been proposed for reconstruction of neuromuscular function in amputees.However,it is unknown whether performing delayed targeted muscle reinnervation after nerve injury will affect re...Targeted muscle reinnervation has been proposed for reconstruction of neuromuscular function in amputees.However,it is unknown whether performing delayed targeted muscle reinnervation after nerve injury will affect restoration of function.In this rat nerve injury study,the median and musculocutaneous nerves of the forelimb were transected.The proximal median nerve stump was sutured to the distal musculocutaneous nerve stump immediately and 2 and 4 weeks after surgery to reinnervate the biceps brachii.After targeted muscle reinnervation,intramuscular myoelectric signals from the biceps brachii were recorded.Signal amplitude gradually increased with time.Biceps brachii myoelectric signals and muscle fiber morphology and grooming behavior did not significantly differ among rats subjected to delayed target muscle innervation for different periods.Targeted muscle reinnervation delayed for 4 weeks can acquire the same nerve function restoration effect as that of immediate reinnervation.展开更多
In the internet protocol（IP） over multi-granular optical switch network （IP/MG-OXC）, the network node is a typical multilayer switch comprising several layers, the IP packet switching （PXC） layer, wavelength swi...In the internet protocol（IP） over multi-granular optical switch network （IP/MG-OXC）, the network node is a typical multilayer switch comprising several layers, the IP packet switching （PXC） layer, wavelength switching （WXC） layer and fiber switching （FXC） layer. This network is capable of both IP layer grooming and wavelength grooming in a hierarchical manner. Resource provisioning in the multi-granular network paradigm is called hierarchical grooming problem. An integer linear programming （ILP） model is proposed to formulate the problem. An iterative heuristic approach is developed for solving the problem in large networks. Case study shows that IP/MG-OXC network is much more extendible and can significantly save the overall network cost as compared with IP over wavelength division multiplexing network.展开更多
The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost...The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost and performance analysis of hybrid networks is done for three different grooming policies. The hybrid network cost is compared with that of an opaque network for equal traffic demand and equal blocking probability of dynamic requests of label switched paths. An algorithm is given to design optimum hybrid nodes for different grooming policies to provide the desired blocking probability for a given number of dynamic connection requests. The results show that all three applied grooming policies （IP layer first, optical layer first, and one hop first） result in lower costs of the hybrid network architecture than for the opaque network. In addition, an adaptive one hop first method is given to improve the best of the applied grooming policies, which limits grooming in heavily loaded hybrid nodes to achieve load balancing. The simulation resuits show that the new policy significantly reduces the overall blocking probability.展开更多
Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of...Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of overall networks. In this paper, a routing algorithm based on transiently chaotic neural network is proposed to solve the problem in WDM logical topology. The objectives of the routing algorithm are ac commodating all traffic requirements and using less network resource. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient in the routing selection, meanwhile the algorithm can use less network resource.展开更多
Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigati...Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigations on how posture affects hylobatid manual laterality are still in their infancy. This study focused on how spontaneous bipedal behavioral tasks affect hand preference in Hylobatidae. Ten captive northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) were chosen as focal subjects. Unimanual grooming during sitting posture and supported bipedal posture were applied as behavioral tasks. The gibbons displayed a modest tendency on left-hand preference during sitting posture and right-hand preference during supported bipedal posture, although no group-level hand preference was detected for either posture. From the sitting to supported bipedal posture, 70% of individuals displayed different degrees of right-side deviation trends. The strength of manual laterality in the supported bipedal posture was higher than that in the sitting posture. We found significant sex differences in manual laterality during supported bipedal posture but not during sitting posture. Thus, to a certain degree, bipedal posture in N. leucogenys facilitates stronger hand preference, elicits a rightward trend in manual laterality, and produces sex-specific hand preference.展开更多
文摘Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural and synthetic anxiolytics. Researchers believe that rodent grooming can be a valuable tool in translational neurobiological studies, specifically focusing on aberrant grooming, such as the syntactic chain of grooming, which can serve as an experimental model for certain human psycho-nervous disorders.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772475 31672307+1 种基金31401981 31372215)
文摘In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.
文摘目的观察快速眼动期(REM)睡眠剥夺诱导大鼠焦虑相关自我修饰行为指标以及与血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)浓度的相关性。方法将24只大鼠随机分为睡眠剥夺组和对照组,每组12只。对照组大鼠常规饲养,不予干扰睡眠;睡眠剥夺组采用改良的多平台水环境法,通过72 h REM睡眠剥夺诱导大鼠焦虑样行为。造模前后两组均进行旷场(OF)试验,造模后两组通过高架O迷宫(EOM)试验和自我修饰行为分析进行焦虑的量化评定,并检测血清5-HT浓度。结果造模前,睡眠剥夺组水平和垂直分数与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);造模后睡眠剥夺组水平和垂直分数均明显低于对照组(均P<0.01);睡眠剥夺组进入闭合臂次数多于对照组,进入开放臂次数的百分比低于对照组(均P<0.05);睡眠剥夺组错误的转换次数(IT)、中断修饰的次数、错误的转换百分比(IT%)和中断梳理的百分比均较对照组为高(均P<0.01);对照组血清5-HT浓度高于睡眠剥夺组,睡眠剥夺组IT%与5-HT浓度之间存在负向相关性(P<0.05)。结论REM睡眠剥夺诱导了焦虑样行为,且其中自我修饰行为参数与血清5-HT浓度存在一定相关性。
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.U1913601,81927804the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,No.2020B0909020004(GL)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81960419,82260456(both to LY)。
文摘Targeted muscle reinnervation has been proposed for reconstruction of neuromuscular function in amputees.However,it is unknown whether performing delayed targeted muscle reinnervation after nerve injury will affect restoration of function.In this rat nerve injury study,the median and musculocutaneous nerves of the forelimb were transected.The proximal median nerve stump was sutured to the distal musculocutaneous nerve stump immediately and 2 and 4 weeks after surgery to reinnervate the biceps brachii.After targeted muscle reinnervation,intramuscular myoelectric signals from the biceps brachii were recorded.Signal amplitude gradually increased with time.Biceps brachii myoelectric signals and muscle fiber morphology and grooming behavior did not significantly differ among rats subjected to delayed target muscle innervation for different periods.Targeted muscle reinnervation delayed for 4 weeks can acquire the same nerve function restoration effect as that of immediate reinnervation.
基金Sponsored by Agency for Singapore Technology and Advance Research(RGM01/16)
文摘In the internet protocol（IP） over multi-granular optical switch network （IP/MG-OXC）, the network node is a typical multilayer switch comprising several layers, the IP packet switching （PXC） layer, wavelength switching （WXC） layer and fiber switching （FXC） layer. This network is capable of both IP layer grooming and wavelength grooming in a hierarchical manner. Resource provisioning in the multi-granular network paradigm is called hierarchical grooming problem. An integer linear programming （ILP） model is proposed to formulate the problem. An iterative heuristic approach is developed for solving the problem in large networks. Case study shows that IP/MG-OXC network is much more extendible and can significantly save the overall network cost as compared with IP over wavelength division multiplexing network.
基金Supported in part by the National High-Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (Nos.2008AA01A327 and 2008AA01A329)
文摘The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost and performance analysis of hybrid networks is done for three different grooming policies. The hybrid network cost is compared with that of an opaque network for equal traffic demand and equal blocking probability of dynamic requests of label switched paths. An algorithm is given to design optimum hybrid nodes for different grooming policies to provide the desired blocking probability for a given number of dynamic connection requests. The results show that all three applied grooming policies （IP layer first, optical layer first, and one hop first） result in lower costs of the hybrid network architecture than for the opaque network. In addition, an adaptive one hop first method is given to improve the best of the applied grooming policies, which limits grooming in heavily loaded hybrid nodes to achieve load balancing. The simulation resuits show that the new policy significantly reduces the overall blocking probability.
文摘Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of overall networks. In this paper, a routing algorithm based on transiently chaotic neural network is proposed to solve the problem in WDM logical topology. The objectives of the routing algorithm are ac commodating all traffic requirements and using less network resource. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient in the routing selection, meanwhile the algorithm can use less network resource.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200293,31730104,31772468)
文摘Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigations on how posture affects hylobatid manual laterality are still in their infancy. This study focused on how spontaneous bipedal behavioral tasks affect hand preference in Hylobatidae. Ten captive northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) were chosen as focal subjects. Unimanual grooming during sitting posture and supported bipedal posture were applied as behavioral tasks. The gibbons displayed a modest tendency on left-hand preference during sitting posture and right-hand preference during supported bipedal posture, although no group-level hand preference was detected for either posture. From the sitting to supported bipedal posture, 70% of individuals displayed different degrees of right-side deviation trends. The strength of manual laterality in the supported bipedal posture was higher than that in the sitting posture. We found significant sex differences in manual laterality during supported bipedal posture but not during sitting posture. Thus, to a certain degree, bipedal posture in N. leucogenys facilitates stronger hand preference, elicits a rightward trend in manual laterality, and produces sex-specific hand preference.
