Plant N starvation response is closely associated with the N signaling components that involve transduction of the low-N cues. In this study, we functionally characterized Ta ARR1, a cytokinin(CK) response regulator g...Plant N starvation response is closely associated with the N signaling components that involve transduction of the low-N cues. In this study, we functionally characterized Ta ARR1, a cytokinin(CK) response regulator gene in Triticum aestivum, in mediating the N starvation adaptation in plants. Ta ARR1 harbors two conserved domains specified by plant ARR family members;subcellular localization analysis indicated its target onto nucleus after endoplasmic reticulum assortment. Ta ARR1 displayed modified expression upon the N starvation stressor, showing upregulated expression in roots and leaves over a 27-h N starvation treatment and whose induced transcripts were gradually recovered along with progression of the N recovery treatment. The tobacco lines overexpressing Ta ARR1 displayed improved low-N stress tolerance, displaying enlarged phenotype, increased biomass and N accumulation, and enhanced glutamine synthetase(GS) activities compared with wild type(WT) following the N starvation treatment. Expression analysis on genes encoding the nitrate transporter(NRT) and GS proteins in Nicotiana tabacum revealed that Nt NRT2.2 and Nt GS3 are upregulated in expression in the N-deprived transgenic lines, whose expression patterns were contrasted to other above family genes that were unaltered on transcripts between the transgenic lines and WT. Transgene analysis validated the function of Nt NRT2.2 and Nt GS3 in regulating N accumulation, GS activity, growth traits, and N use efficiency in plants. These results suggested the internal connection between the Ta ARR1-mediated N starvation tolerance and the modified transcription of distinct N acquisitionand assimilation-associated genes. Our investigation together indicates that Ta ARR1 is essential in plant N starvation adaptation due to the gene function in transcriptionally regulating distinct NRT and GS genes that affect plant N uptake and assimilation under the N starvation condition.展开更多
N6-methyladenosine(m6A)is the most abundant inner RNA modification in eukaryotes.Due to the development of RNA sequencing technology,the distribution pattern of m6A in the transcriptome has been uncovered.Dynamically,...N6-methyladenosine(m6A)is the most abundant inner RNA modification in eukaryotes.Due to the development of RNA sequencing technology,the distribution pattern of m6A in the transcriptome has been uncovered.Dynamically,the reversible N6-methylation is mediated by two types of proteins,which are classified as“writers”and“erasers”.Under the association of specific co-factors,writers show spatiotemporal N6-methyltransferase activity.Mechanically,m6A can be recognized by“reader”proteins or can directly modify RNA conformation,and it widely affects gene expression by mediating RNA stability,translation,splicing and export.m6A is involved in a series of physiology processes.Dysregulation of m6A is gradually defined as the pathogenesis of some diseases,e.g.,cancer and cardiovascular disease.Therefore,a good understanding of m6A is essential for molecular biology and pathology research.In this article we systemically present an overview of the functions and mechanisms of identified m6A regulators.The discovered biological and pathological processes affected by m6A are also summarized.We hope that readers with related research interests benefit from our review.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571664 and 31671686)the Key Research and Development Project of Hebei, China (17962901D)
文摘Plant N starvation response is closely associated with the N signaling components that involve transduction of the low-N cues. In this study, we functionally characterized Ta ARR1, a cytokinin(CK) response regulator gene in Triticum aestivum, in mediating the N starvation adaptation in plants. Ta ARR1 harbors two conserved domains specified by plant ARR family members;subcellular localization analysis indicated its target onto nucleus after endoplasmic reticulum assortment. Ta ARR1 displayed modified expression upon the N starvation stressor, showing upregulated expression in roots and leaves over a 27-h N starvation treatment and whose induced transcripts were gradually recovered along with progression of the N recovery treatment. The tobacco lines overexpressing Ta ARR1 displayed improved low-N stress tolerance, displaying enlarged phenotype, increased biomass and N accumulation, and enhanced glutamine synthetase(GS) activities compared with wild type(WT) following the N starvation treatment. Expression analysis on genes encoding the nitrate transporter(NRT) and GS proteins in Nicotiana tabacum revealed that Nt NRT2.2 and Nt GS3 are upregulated in expression in the N-deprived transgenic lines, whose expression patterns were contrasted to other above family genes that were unaltered on transcripts between the transgenic lines and WT. Transgene analysis validated the function of Nt NRT2.2 and Nt GS3 in regulating N accumulation, GS activity, growth traits, and N use efficiency in plants. These results suggested the internal connection between the Ta ARR1-mediated N starvation tolerance and the modified transcription of distinct N acquisitionand assimilation-associated genes. Our investigation together indicates that Ta ARR1 is essential in plant N starvation adaptation due to the gene function in transcriptionally regulating distinct NRT and GS genes that affect plant N uptake and assimilation under the N starvation condition.
基金This work was supported by Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(tsqn201812044)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(JQ201815)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81900259).
文摘N6-methyladenosine(m6A)is the most abundant inner RNA modification in eukaryotes.Due to the development of RNA sequencing technology,the distribution pattern of m6A in the transcriptome has been uncovered.Dynamically,the reversible N6-methylation is mediated by two types of proteins,which are classified as“writers”and“erasers”.Under the association of specific co-factors,writers show spatiotemporal N6-methyltransferase activity.Mechanically,m6A can be recognized by“reader”proteins or can directly modify RNA conformation,and it widely affects gene expression by mediating RNA stability,translation,splicing and export.m6A is involved in a series of physiology processes.Dysregulation of m6A is gradually defined as the pathogenesis of some diseases,e.g.,cancer and cardiovascular disease.Therefore,a good understanding of m6A is essential for molecular biology and pathology research.In this article we systemically present an overview of the functions and mechanisms of identified m6A regulators.The discovered biological and pathological processes affected by m6A are also summarized.We hope that readers with related research interests benefit from our review.
