According to the principle of bio-diversity conservation,the change pattern of the species diversity in gaps of different sizes and developmental stages in Castanopsis kawakamii forest was measured and analyzed by mea...According to the principle of bio-diversity conservation,the change pattern of the species diversity in gaps of different sizes and developmental stages in Castanopsis kawakamii forest was measured and analyzed by means of Margalef index,Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou index,Simpson index and Evenness dominance diversity index.The results showed that the general trends of species richness index were correspondent with those of species diversity index,evenness dominance diversity index and species evenness index,which were in opposite to those of ecological dominance index.The species diversity influence in shrub layer by gaps of different sizes and developmental stages was the strongest, the one in arbor layer was stronger,and the one in herb layer was the weakest.The species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener index) in ardor layer reached the highest in the gaps with a size of 80～160m 2,and occurred a higher peak in those with a size of 240～320m 2 again,and became lower in the gaps of above 400m 2.Diversity index in shrub layer reached the lowest in the gaps with a size of 80m 2,the highest in those with a size of >200m 2,and occurred a higher peak in those with a size of 80～160m 2.Diversity index in herb layer reached the lowest in the gaps with a size of 80～160m 2,the highest in those with a size of >400m 2.Diversity index in arbor layer showed the high change trend in the middle period and the low one in two periods following the ages of gaps,which the index were the highest in the gaps about 40～50 years,and the lowest in the first 10 years after gap formation.The change trend of diversity index in shrub layer was the most evident,which formed a peak value in the gap ages of about 10～20 years and reached the lowest in 40～50 years of gap formation.The change trend of diversity index in herb layer increased following the ages of gaps formation,and diversity index in herb layer reached the highest after 50 years of gap formation and the lowest in the first 10 years after gap formation.Gap formation can in展开更多
The piston pump is the key power component in the civil aircraft hydraulic system,and the most common pump used in the aviation field is the pressure compensated variable displacement type.In this review paper,a basic...The piston pump is the key power component in the civil aircraft hydraulic system,and the most common pump used in the aviation field is the pressure compensated variable displacement type.In this review paper,a basic introduction to the civil aircraft piston pump is presented,including the classification,structure,working principle,design features,and achievements by some research groups.Then,the future directions of the aircraft pump are reported from various perspectives.Further,the critical technologies are analyzed and summarized in detail from six thrust areas:friction couples,noise reduction,inlet boost,thermal management,fault diagnosis and health management,and mechanical seal.Finally,the challenges and limitations of the research on the aircraft pump are discussed to provide valuable insight for future scholars.展开更多
China is in a dominant position in apple production globally with both the largest apple growing area and the largest export of fresh apple fruits. However, the annual productivity of China＇s apple is significantly l...China is in a dominant position in apple production globally with both the largest apple growing area and the largest export of fresh apple fruits. However, the annual productivity of China＇s apple is significantly lower than that of other dominant apple producing countries. In addition, apple production is based on excessive application of chemical fertilizers and the nutrient use efficiency （especially nitrogen） is therefore low and the nutrient emissions to the environment are high. Apple production in China is considerably contributes to farmers＇ incomes and is important as export product. There is an urgent need to enhance apple productivity and improve nutrient use efficiencies in intensive apple production systems in the country. These can be attained by improved understanding of production potential, yield gaps, nutrient use and best management in apple orchards. To the end, priorities in research on apple production systems and required political support are described which may lead to more sustainable and environmental-friendly intensification of apple production in China.展开更多
文摘According to the principle of bio-diversity conservation,the change pattern of the species diversity in gaps of different sizes and developmental stages in Castanopsis kawakamii forest was measured and analyzed by means of Margalef index,Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou index,Simpson index and Evenness dominance diversity index.The results showed that the general trends of species richness index were correspondent with those of species diversity index,evenness dominance diversity index and species evenness index,which were in opposite to those of ecological dominance index.The species diversity influence in shrub layer by gaps of different sizes and developmental stages was the strongest, the one in arbor layer was stronger,and the one in herb layer was the weakest.The species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener index) in ardor layer reached the highest in the gaps with a size of 80～160m 2,and occurred a higher peak in those with a size of 240～320m 2 again,and became lower in the gaps of above 400m 2.Diversity index in shrub layer reached the lowest in the gaps with a size of 80m 2,the highest in those with a size of >200m 2,and occurred a higher peak in those with a size of 80～160m 2.Diversity index in herb layer reached the lowest in the gaps with a size of 80～160m 2,the highest in those with a size of >400m 2.Diversity index in arbor layer showed the high change trend in the middle period and the low one in two periods following the ages of gaps,which the index were the highest in the gaps about 40～50 years,and the lowest in the first 10 years after gap formation.The change trend of diversity index in shrub layer was the most evident,which formed a peak value in the gap ages of about 10～20 years and reached the lowest in 40～50 years of gap formation.The change trend of diversity index in herb layer increased following the ages of gaps formation,and diversity index in herb layer reached the highest after 50 years of gap formation and the lowest in the first 10 years after gap formation.Gap formation can in
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51775013)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2016ZC09007).
文摘The piston pump is the key power component in the civil aircraft hydraulic system,and the most common pump used in the aviation field is the pressure compensated variable displacement type.In this review paper,a basic introduction to the civil aircraft piston pump is presented,including the classification,structure,working principle,design features,and achievements by some research groups.Then,the future directions of the aircraft pump are reported from various perspectives.Further,the critical technologies are analyzed and summarized in detail from six thrust areas:friction couples,noise reduction,inlet boost,thermal management,fault diagnosis and health management,and mechanical seal.Finally,the challenges and limitations of the research on the aircraft pump are discussed to provide valuable insight for future scholars.
基金the project "Cash Crops Research Network of China" of the Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural UniversityProfessor Oene Oenema from Alterra Wageningnen University, the Netherlands, for his financial support of the research
文摘China is in a dominant position in apple production globally with both the largest apple growing area and the largest export of fresh apple fruits. However, the annual productivity of China＇s apple is significantly lower than that of other dominant apple producing countries. In addition, apple production is based on excessive application of chemical fertilizers and the nutrient use efficiency （especially nitrogen） is therefore low and the nutrient emissions to the environment are high. Apple production in China is considerably contributes to farmers＇ incomes and is important as export product. There is an urgent need to enhance apple productivity and improve nutrient use efficiencies in intensive apple production systems in the country. These can be attained by improved understanding of production potential, yield gaps, nutrient use and best management in apple orchards. To the end, priorities in research on apple production systems and required political support are described which may lead to more sustainable and environmental-friendly intensification of apple production in China.
