Rhizosphere aeration, irrigation with aerated water, and post-irrigation aeration would positively impact crop growth and yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 4 post-irrigation aeration le...Rhizosphere aeration, irrigation with aerated water, and post-irrigation aeration would positively impact crop growth and yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 4 post-irrigation aeration levels on plant growth, yield, irrigation-use efficiency （IUE）, and fruit market and nutritional quality of greenhouse cucumber under subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） and furrow irrigation （FI）. The post-irrigation aeration levels were 0.00, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 times half the estimated porosity of the plot rhizosphere. The experimental design was a two-faetor split-plot in randomized complete blocks with irrigation （FI and SDI） as the main treatments and 4 aeration levels as the sub-treatments. Ridge and furrow main plots （2.4 m ~ 2.4 m） with 4 ridges were replicated 5 times. Each of the 4 ridges （1.44 m2 in area） in the main plots was used as a sub-treatment plot. The results showed that post-irrigation aeration enhanced greenhouse cucumber plant growth, yield, IUE, and fruit market and nutritional quality. These parameters generally increased with increasing aeration levels under both FI and SDI. The aeration effect was generally higher under SDI than FI, and the IUE under SDI was almost twice that under FI. Further investigation would be required to elucidate the plant physiological mechanisms and soil processes responsible for the observed effects.展开更多
Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house. However, there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods...Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house. However, there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus （P） behavior. In this experiment, drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied, with furrow irrigation method as control, in Mollic Gleysols. Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods. Total, Olsen, organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil （0-10 and 10-20 cm） than in the subsoil （20-30, 30-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm）. The Olsen P content throughout 0-60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment. However, the total, organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment, but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment. Under subsurface irrigation treatment, the contents of total, organic and inorganic P at the 0-10 cm layer were 78.0%, 1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10-20 cm layer, respectively. But Olsen P content at the 10-20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0-10 cm layer. These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent. 在展开更多
Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two...Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two cultivars,Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,and RF and traditional flatten planting（TF,control） with the objective of investigating the effect of RF on wheat grain filling and the possible relationship of hormonal changes in the wheat grains under RF to grain filling.The results indicated that RF significantly increased the grain weight,although the effects on grain filling were different： RF significantly increased the grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior grains,whereas RF had no significant effect on grainfilling rate and grain weight of superior grains.The final grain weight of inferior grains under RF was 39.1 and 50.7 mg for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively,3.6 and 3.4 mg higher than the values under TF.However,the final grain weight of superior grains under RF was only 0.6 and 0.8 mg higher than under TF for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively.RF significantly decreased the ethylene and gibberellic acid content in the inferior grains and increased the indole-3-acetic acid,abscisic acid and zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside content in the inferior grains;however,no significant difference between RF and TF was observed for the hormonal content in the superior grains.Based on these results,we concluded that RF significantly modulated hormonal changes in the inferior grains and,thus,affected the grain filling and grain weight of the inferior grains;in contrast,RF had no significant effect on grain filling,grain weight and hormonal changes in the superior wheat grains.展开更多
Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost wa- ter-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions. The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt trans- por...Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost wa- ter-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions. The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt trans- portation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment. The mathematical relationships for soil salinity, irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation. The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content, but the increment is limited com- paring with the influence from irrigation amount. The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers, with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9 （the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water） and MMF1 （the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water） on 27 June, respectively. The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages, the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%, respectively. Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage. Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity. When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m, the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers. When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m, however, the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers. The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology, which was quite different fr展开更多
Quantitative information on the fate and efficiency of nitrogen （N） fertilizer applied to coarse textured calcareous soils in arid farming systems is scarce but, as systems intensify, is essential to support sustain...Quantitative information on the fate and efficiency of nitrogen （N） fertilizer applied to coarse textured calcareous soils in arid farming systems is scarce but, as systems intensify, is essential to support sustainable ag- ronomic management decisions. A mesh house study was undertaken to trace the fate of N fertilizer applied to cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L. cv., Huiyuan701） growing on a reconstructed profile （0-100 cm） of a calcareous （〉15% CaCQ） sandy loam soil. Two irrigation methods （drip irrigation, DI; and furrow irrigation, FI） and four N ap- plication rates （0, 240, 360 and 480 kg/hm2, abbreviated as No, N240, N360, and N480, respectively） were applied. 15N-labelled urea fertilizer was applied in a split application. DI enhanced the biomass of whole plant and all parts of the plant, except for root; more fertilizer N was taken up and mostly stored in vegetative parts; N utilization efficiency （NUE） was significantly greater than in FI. N utilization efficiency （NUE） decreased from 52.59% in N240 to 36.44% in N480. N residue in soil and plant N uptake increased with increased N dosage, but recovery rate decreased consis- tently both in DI and Fl. Plant N uptake and soil N residue were greater in DI than in FI. N residue mainly stayed within 0-40 cm depth in DI but within 40-80 cm depth in Ft. FI showed 17.89% of N leached out, but no N leaching occurred in DI. N recovery rate in the soil-plant system was 75.82% in DI, which was markedly greater than the 55.97% in FI. DI exhibited greater NUE, greater residual N in the soil profile and therefore greater N recovery rate than in FI; also, N distribution in soil profile shallowed in DI, resulting in a reduced risk of N leaching compared to FI; and enhanced shoot growth and reduced root growth in DI is beneficial for more economic yield formation. Com- pared to furrow irrigation, drip irrigation is an irrigation method where N movement favors the prevention of N from being lost in the plant-soil system and benefits a more eff展开更多
Sustainable irrigation method is now essential for adaptation and adoption in the areas where water resources are limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to test the performance of alternate wetting and d...Sustainable irrigation method is now essential for adaptation and adoption in the areas where water resources are limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to test the performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation（AWDFI） on crop growth, yield, water use efficiency（WUE）, fruit quality and profitability analysis of tomato. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated thrice during the dry seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Irrigation water was applied through three ways of furrow： AWDFI, fixed wetting and drying furrow irrigation（FWDFI） and traditional（every） furrow irrigation（TFI）. Each irrigation method was divided into two levels： irrigation up to 100 and 80% field capacity（FC）. Results showed that plant biomass（dry matter） and marketable fruit yield of tomato did not differ significantly between the treatments of AWDFI and TFI, but significant difference was observed in AWDFI and in TFI compared to FWDFI at same irrigation level. AWDFI saved irrigation water by 35 to 38% for the irrigation levels up to 80 and 100% FC, compared to the TFI, respectively. AWDFI improved WUE by around 37 to 40% compared to TFI when irrigated with 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Fruit quality（total soluble solids and pulp） was found greater in AWDFI than in TFI. Net return from AWDFI technique was found nearly similar compared to TFI and more than FWDFI. The benefit cost ratio was viewed higher in AWDFI than in TFI and FWDFI by 2.8, 8.7 and 11, 10.4% when irrigation water was applied up to 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Unit production cost was obtained lower in AWDFI compared to TFI and FWDFI. However, AWDFI is a useful water-saving furrow irrigation technique which may resolve as an alternative choice compared with TFI in the areas where available water and supply methods are limited to irrigation.展开更多
Dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds is becoming an important practice in the wheat–rice rotation system in China.However,little information has been available on the effect of various irrigation regimes on gr...Dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds is becoming an important practice in the wheat–rice rotation system in China.However,little information has been available on the effect of various irrigation regimes on grain yield,water productivity(WP),nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and greenhouse gas emission in this practice.This study investigated the question using two rice cultivars in 2015 and 2016 grown in soil with wheat straw incorporated into it.Rice seeds were directly seeded into raised beds,which were maintained under aerobic conditions during the early seedling period.Three irrigation regimes:continuous flooding(CF),alternate wetting and drying(AWD),and furrow irrigation(FI),were applied from 4.5-leaf-stage to maturity.Compared with CF,both AWD and FI significantly increased grain yield,WP,and internal NUE,with greater increases under the FI regime.The two cultivars showed the same tendency in both years.Both AWD and FI markedly increased soil redox potential,root and shoot biomass,root oxidation activity,leaf photosynthetic NUE,and harvest index and markedly decreased global warming potential,owing to substantial reduction in seasonalThe results demonstrate that adoption of either AWD or FI could increase grain yield and resource-use efficiency and reduce environmental risks in dry direct-seeded rice grown on raised beds with wheat straw incorporation in the wheat–rice rotation system.展开更多
The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use effici...The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency（WUE）,a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film（PF）,biodegradable film（BF） or liquid film（LF）.A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control（CK）.The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China.展开更多
Field experiments were conducted for two years to investigate the benefits of alternate furrow irrigation on fruit yield, quality and water use efficiency of grape （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rizamat） in the arid region ...Field experiments were conducted for two years to investigate the benefits of alternate furrow irrigation on fruit yield, quality and water use efficiency of grape （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rizamat） in the arid region of Northwest China. Two irrigation treatments were included, i.e., conventional furrow irrigation （CFI, two root-zones were simultaneously irrigated during the consecutive irrigation） and alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation （AFI, two root-zones were alternatively irrigated during the consecutive irrigation）. Results indicate that AFI maintained similar photosynthetic rate （Pn） but with a reduced transpiration rate when compared to CFI. As a consequence, AFI improved water use efficiency based on evapotranspiration （WUEEr, fruit yield over water consumed） and irrigation （WUE~, fruit yield over water irrigated） by 30.0 and 34.5%, respectively in 2005, and by 12.7 and 17.7%, respectively in 2006. AFI also increased the edible percentage of berry by 2.91-4.79% significantly in both years. Vitamin C （Vc） content content of berry was increased by 25.6-37.5%, and tritrated acidity （TA） was reduced by 9.5-18.1% in AFI. This resulted in an increased total soluble solid content （TSS） to TA ratio （TSS/TA） by 11.5-16.7% when compared to CFI in both years. Our results indicate that alternate furrow irrigation is a practical way to improve grape fruit quality and water use efficiency for irrigated crops in arid areas.展开更多
[Objective] Aiming at chilling damage of maize in lowland of western Liaoning, the powerful evidences of resisting chilling damage of maize were provided from tillage method perspective.[Method] The depths of plough l...[Objective] Aiming at chilling damage of maize in lowland of western Liaoning, the powerful evidences of resisting chilling damage of maize were provided from tillage method perspective.[Method] The depths of plough layers, sunshine effects in seedling stage, resistances to frost damage, microclimatic effects such as soil moisture, root system in filling stage, growth periods and grain weights of maize planted on ridge and in furrow were comparatively observed. The random arrangement was adopted in comparative observation with 4 replications.[Result] The daily mean ground temperature and effective accumulated temperature of plough layer of maize planted on ridge were relatively high. In addition, the seedling stage and mature stage of maize planted on ridge were in advance, the soil moisture, root growth and seed plumpness of maize planted on ridge were good. [Conclusion] The ridge planting in lowland of western Liaoning could improve in 0-20 cm plough layer where root grew, besides that this method could also improve maize growth and development.展开更多
The structural parameters of tine furrow openers have significant effects on soil property of seed furrow in no-till planting,thereby affecting crop growth and yields.In order to analyze the effects of key parameters ...The structural parameters of tine furrow openers have significant effects on soil property of seed furrow in no-till planting,thereby affecting crop growth and yields.In order to analyze the effects of key parameters of tine furrow openers on soil properties(soil bulk density,soil water-stable aggregates(WSA),and soil disturbance)of the surface soil layer of 0-10 cm and surface straw disturbance,the tine furrow openers with different structural parameters,including cutting edge thickness,cutting edge curve,penetration clearance angle and rake angle,were designed and tested under no-till conditions.Orthogonal test and single factor test were performed to analyze the effects of different parameters.Results showed that the rake angle,cutting edge thickness and cutting edge curve had significant effects on cross-sectional area of furrow(Af)and disturbance of surface straw;the rake angle had a significant effect on soil bulk density.Soil types and operating depth had significant effects on soil disturbance caused by tine furrow openers.The concave type tine furrow opener produced the lowest soil disturbance and soil bulk density of seed furrow,the highest surface straw disturbance and the greatest content of WSA(>0.5 mm).With increasing rake angles of tine furrow opener,the width of seedbed(Wsb)and the Af decreased first and then increased,respectively,while the width of soil throw(Wst)and the height of ridge(Hr)increased.The Wsb and Af created by tine furrow opener with 60°rake angle were significantly lower than that with others,respectively.The tine furrow opener with rake angle ranged from 45°to 60°created the lowest soil bulk density.As the penetration clearance angle increased,the content of WSA(>0.5 mm)decreased,but the effect of penetration clearance angle on the content of WSA(<0.5 mm)was not significant.The cutting edge thickness(<2 mm)had no significant effects on soil properties of seedbed.This study could provide a reference for optimal design of the tine furrow opener to create more suitable seedbed e展开更多
Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia....Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.展开更多
To reduce the ditching resistance of a furrow opener during operation,single-factor and multiple-factor combinations were used to explore the influence of the furrow opener’s advance speed,blade opening angle,and wid...To reduce the ditching resistance of a furrow opener during operation,single-factor and multiple-factor combinations were used to explore the influence of the furrow opener’s advance speed,blade opening angle,and width on the ditching resistance based on the discrete element method(DEM).A DEM simulation of the furrow opener was developed.Upon changing these influencing factors,the parameters with the least resistance to operation were identified.Furrow openers were fabricated according to the optimized results,and soil trench tests were carried out.Simulations and soil groove tests showed that the minimum ditching resistance was 58.54 N when the current advance speed was 4.47 m/s,the blade opening angle was 32.02°,and the furrow opener width was 51.45 mm.The error between the simulated value of the ditching resistance and the soil trench test was within 10%,and the trends of resistance change were essentially the same,indicating that it is feasible to optimize the structural parameters of a trench furrow opener using DEM.These research results can provide a reference for the parameter optimization of furrow openers.展开更多
To solve the problem of poor sowing quality due to loose soil in wheat seedbed after land preparation in the Huang-Huaihai region of China,a double compression seeder for pre-sowing and seed furrow of wheat in wide-se...To solve the problem of poor sowing quality due to loose soil in wheat seedbed after land preparation in the Huang-Huaihai region of China,a double compression seeder for pre-sowing and seed furrow of wheat in wide-seedling belts was designed.The machine sowing operation was divided into two processes:pre-sowing compression and seed ditch compression,pre-sowing compression was carried out homogenization of the pre-sowing seed bed that the tractor wheel has crushed,and the seed ditch compression compresses the seeds and soil in the seed ditch,so that the seeds were embedded in the seed ditch soil.By analyzing the kinematics of the pre-planting compression device and the spiral blade in the process of soil levelling and compression,the structure of the equal-difference variable-diameter equal-pitch spiral conveying winch was designed,and the key parameters of the drum spiral blade were determined,and then the height of the spiral blades,the rutting distance and the speed of the compression roller were taken as the test factors,and the soil flatness was used as the index to carry out the discrete element simulation test.The simulation results show that when the spiral blade was 4.85 cm,the rut distance was 37.4 cm,and the rotation speed was 327.16 r/min,the optimal land flatness was 0.18.Finally,field experiments were carried out on the seeder,and the results showed that:the soil bulk density after operation was 22.7%greater than that before sowing(p<0.01),and the soil flatness was 1.9 cm,which was consistent with the simulated results.The use of pre-sowing compression and seed furrow compression methods improved the soil environment of the seed bed,increased the uniformity of the seeding depth,and promoted the root growth of wheat.This study provides equipment support and technical reference for agricultural production in wheat-corn rotation areas in the Huang-Huaihai region of China.展开更多
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China(No.2011AA100507)the National 111 Project of China(No.B12007)
文摘Rhizosphere aeration, irrigation with aerated water, and post-irrigation aeration would positively impact crop growth and yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 4 post-irrigation aeration levels on plant growth, yield, irrigation-use efficiency （IUE）, and fruit market and nutritional quality of greenhouse cucumber under subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） and furrow irrigation （FI）. The post-irrigation aeration levels were 0.00, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 times half the estimated porosity of the plot rhizosphere. The experimental design was a two-faetor split-plot in randomized complete blocks with irrigation （FI and SDI） as the main treatments and 4 aeration levels as the sub-treatments. Ridge and furrow main plots （2.4 m ~ 2.4 m） with 4 ridges were replicated 5 times. Each of the 4 ridges （1.44 m2 in area） in the main plots was used as a sub-treatment plot. The results showed that post-irrigation aeration enhanced greenhouse cucumber plant growth, yield, IUE, and fruit market and nutritional quality. These parameters generally increased with increasing aeration levels under both FI and SDI. The aeration effect was generally higher under SDI than FI, and the IUE under SDI was almost twice that under FI. Further investigation would be required to elucidate the plant physiological mechanisms and soil processes responsible for the observed effects.
基金Supported by the Liaoning Provincial Education Commission,China(No.413101206)
文摘Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house. However, there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus （P） behavior. In this experiment, drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied, with furrow irrigation method as control, in Mollic Gleysols. Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods. Total, Olsen, organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil （0-10 and 10-20 cm） than in the subsoil （20-30, 30-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm）. The Olsen P content throughout 0-60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment. However, the total, organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment, but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment. Under subsurface irrigation treatment, the contents of total, organic and inorganic P at the 0-10 cm layer were 78.0%, 1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10-20 cm layer, respectively. But Olsen P content at the 10-20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0-10 cm layer. These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent. 在
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31070375, 31171506)
文摘Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two cultivars,Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,and RF and traditional flatten planting（TF,control） with the objective of investigating the effect of RF on wheat grain filling and the possible relationship of hormonal changes in the wheat grains under RF to grain filling.The results indicated that RF significantly increased the grain weight,although the effects on grain filling were different： RF significantly increased the grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior grains,whereas RF had no significant effect on grainfilling rate and grain weight of superior grains.The final grain weight of inferior grains under RF was 39.1 and 50.7 mg for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively,3.6 and 3.4 mg higher than the values under TF.However,the final grain weight of superior grains under RF was only 0.6 and 0.8 mg higher than under TF for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively.RF significantly decreased the ethylene and gibberellic acid content in the inferior grains and increased the indole-3-acetic acid,abscisic acid and zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside content in the inferior grains;however,no significant difference between RF and TF was observed for the hormonal content in the superior grains.Based on these results,we concluded that RF significantly modulated hormonal changes in the inferior grains and,thus,affected the grain filling and grain weight of the inferior grains;in contrast,RF had no significant effect on grain filling,grain weight and hormonal changes in the superior wheat grains.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91025002,30970492)the National Key Technology R & D Program (2012BAC08B05)
文摘Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost wa- ter-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions. The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt trans- portation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment. The mathematical relationships for soil salinity, irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation. The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content, but the increment is limited com- paring with the influence from irrigation amount. The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers, with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9 （the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water） and MMF1 （the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water） on 27 June, respectively. The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages, the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%, respectively. Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage. Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity. When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m, the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers. When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m, however, the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers. The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology, which was quite different fr
基金financed by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201103003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31060276)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2011AA100508)
文摘Quantitative information on the fate and efficiency of nitrogen （N） fertilizer applied to coarse textured calcareous soils in arid farming systems is scarce but, as systems intensify, is essential to support sustainable ag- ronomic management decisions. A mesh house study was undertaken to trace the fate of N fertilizer applied to cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L. cv., Huiyuan701） growing on a reconstructed profile （0-100 cm） of a calcareous （〉15% CaCQ） sandy loam soil. Two irrigation methods （drip irrigation, DI; and furrow irrigation, FI） and four N ap- plication rates （0, 240, 360 and 480 kg/hm2, abbreviated as No, N240, N360, and N480, respectively） were applied. 15N-labelled urea fertilizer was applied in a split application. DI enhanced the biomass of whole plant and all parts of the plant, except for root; more fertilizer N was taken up and mostly stored in vegetative parts; N utilization efficiency （NUE） was significantly greater than in FI. N utilization efficiency （NUE） decreased from 52.59% in N240 to 36.44% in N480. N residue in soil and plant N uptake increased with increased N dosage, but recovery rate decreased consis- tently both in DI and Fl. Plant N uptake and soil N residue were greater in DI than in FI. N residue mainly stayed within 0-40 cm depth in DI but within 40-80 cm depth in Ft. FI showed 17.89% of N leached out, but no N leaching occurred in DI. N recovery rate in the soil-plant system was 75.82% in DI, which was markedly greater than the 55.97% in FI. DI exhibited greater NUE, greater residual N in the soil profile and therefore greater N recovery rate than in FI; also, N distribution in soil profile shallowed in DI, resulting in a reduced risk of N leaching compared to FI; and enhanced shoot growth and reduced root growth in DI is beneficial for more economic yield formation. Com- pared to furrow irrigation, drip irrigation is an irrigation method where N movement favors the prevention of N from being lost in the plant-soil system and benefits a more eff
基金Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh for providing fund and facilities for sustainable irrigation and water management practices
文摘Sustainable irrigation method is now essential for adaptation and adoption in the areas where water resources are limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to test the performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation（AWDFI） on crop growth, yield, water use efficiency（WUE）, fruit quality and profitability analysis of tomato. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated thrice during the dry seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Irrigation water was applied through three ways of furrow： AWDFI, fixed wetting and drying furrow irrigation（FWDFI） and traditional（every） furrow irrigation（TFI）. Each irrigation method was divided into two levels： irrigation up to 100 and 80% field capacity（FC）. Results showed that plant biomass（dry matter） and marketable fruit yield of tomato did not differ significantly between the treatments of AWDFI and TFI, but significant difference was observed in AWDFI and in TFI compared to FWDFI at same irrigation level. AWDFI saved irrigation water by 35 to 38% for the irrigation levels up to 80 and 100% FC, compared to the TFI, respectively. AWDFI improved WUE by around 37 to 40% compared to TFI when irrigated with 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Fruit quality（total soluble solids and pulp） was found greater in AWDFI than in TFI. Net return from AWDFI technique was found nearly similar compared to TFI and more than FWDFI. The benefit cost ratio was viewed higher in AWDFI than in TFI and FWDFI by 2.8, 8.7 and 11, 10.4% when irrigation water was applied up to 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Unit production cost was obtained lower in AWDFI compared to TFI and FWDFI. However, AWDFI is a useful water-saving furrow irrigation technique which may resolve as an alternative choice compared with TFI in the areas where available water and supply methods are limited to irrigation.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300206-4)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31461143015, 31471438)+3 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2014AA10A605)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD-201501)the Top Talent Supporting Program of Yangzhou University (2015-01)the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (14122415,14160516,14177617,AoE/M-05/12,AoE/M-403/16)
文摘Dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds is becoming an important practice in the wheat–rice rotation system in China.However,little information has been available on the effect of various irrigation regimes on grain yield,water productivity(WP),nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and greenhouse gas emission in this practice.This study investigated the question using two rice cultivars in 2015 and 2016 grown in soil with wheat straw incorporated into it.Rice seeds were directly seeded into raised beds,which were maintained under aerobic conditions during the early seedling period.Three irrigation regimes:continuous flooding(CF),alternate wetting and drying(AWD),and furrow irrigation(FI),were applied from 4.5-leaf-stage to maturity.Compared with CF,both AWD and FI significantly increased grain yield,WP,and internal NUE,with greater increases under the FI regime.The two cultivars showed the same tendency in both years.Both AWD and FI markedly increased soil redox potential,root and shoot biomass,root oxidation activity,leaf photosynthetic NUE,and harvest index and markedly decreased global warming potential,owing to substantial reduction in seasonalThe results demonstrate that adoption of either AWD or FI could increase grain yield and resource-use efficiency and reduce environmental risks in dry direct-seeded rice grown on raised beds with wheat straw incorporation in the wheat–rice rotation system.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006BAD29B03)the 111 Project (B12007)the Shaanxi Technology Project, China (2010K02-08-2)
文摘The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency（WUE）,a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film（PF）,biodegradable film（BF） or liquid film（LF）.A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control（CK）.The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China.
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51222905, 51079147 and 50939005)the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(863 Program, 2011AA100502)+1 种基金the Program of New Century Excellent Talents in University, Ministry of Education of China (NCET-11-0479)Hong Kong Research Grants Council, China (HKBU 262307)
文摘Field experiments were conducted for two years to investigate the benefits of alternate furrow irrigation on fruit yield, quality and water use efficiency of grape （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rizamat） in the arid region of Northwest China. Two irrigation treatments were included, i.e., conventional furrow irrigation （CFI, two root-zones were simultaneously irrigated during the consecutive irrigation） and alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation （AFI, two root-zones were alternatively irrigated during the consecutive irrigation）. Results indicate that AFI maintained similar photosynthetic rate （Pn） but with a reduced transpiration rate when compared to CFI. As a consequence, AFI improved water use efficiency based on evapotranspiration （WUEEr, fruit yield over water consumed） and irrigation （WUE~, fruit yield over water irrigated） by 30.0 and 34.5%, respectively in 2005, and by 12.7 and 17.7%, respectively in 2006. AFI also increased the edible percentage of berry by 2.91-4.79% significantly in both years. Vitamin C （Vc） content content of berry was increased by 25.6-37.5%, and tritrated acidity （TA） was reduced by 9.5-18.1% in AFI. This resulted in an increased total soluble solid content （TSS） to TA ratio （TSS/TA） by 11.5-16.7% when compared to CFI in both years. Our results indicate that alternate furrow irrigation is a practical way to improve grape fruit quality and water use efficiency for irrigated crops in arid areas.
文摘[Objective] Aiming at chilling damage of maize in lowland of western Liaoning, the powerful evidences of resisting chilling damage of maize were provided from tillage method perspective.[Method] The depths of plough layers, sunshine effects in seedling stage, resistances to frost damage, microclimatic effects such as soil moisture, root system in filling stage, growth periods and grain weights of maize planted on ridge and in furrow were comparatively observed. The random arrangement was adopted in comparative observation with 4 replications.[Result] The daily mean ground temperature and effective accumulated temperature of plough layer of maize planted on ridge were relatively high. In addition, the seedling stage and mature stage of maize planted on ridge were in advance, the soil moisture, root growth and seed plumpness of maize planted on ridge were good. [Conclusion] The ridge planting in lowland of western Liaoning could improve in 0-20 cm plough layer where root grew, besides that this method could also improve maize growth and development.
基金the Program for Innovative Research Team in Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.IRT13039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.51175499)。
文摘The structural parameters of tine furrow openers have significant effects on soil property of seed furrow in no-till planting,thereby affecting crop growth and yields.In order to analyze the effects of key parameters of tine furrow openers on soil properties(soil bulk density,soil water-stable aggregates(WSA),and soil disturbance)of the surface soil layer of 0-10 cm and surface straw disturbance,the tine furrow openers with different structural parameters,including cutting edge thickness,cutting edge curve,penetration clearance angle and rake angle,were designed and tested under no-till conditions.Orthogonal test and single factor test were performed to analyze the effects of different parameters.Results showed that the rake angle,cutting edge thickness and cutting edge curve had significant effects on cross-sectional area of furrow(Af)and disturbance of surface straw;the rake angle had a significant effect on soil bulk density.Soil types and operating depth had significant effects on soil disturbance caused by tine furrow openers.The concave type tine furrow opener produced the lowest soil disturbance and soil bulk density of seed furrow,the highest surface straw disturbance and the greatest content of WSA(>0.5 mm).With increasing rake angles of tine furrow opener,the width of seedbed(Wsb)and the Af decreased first and then increased,respectively,while the width of soil throw(Wst)and the height of ridge(Hr)increased.The Wsb and Af created by tine furrow opener with 60°rake angle were significantly lower than that with others,respectively.The tine furrow opener with rake angle ranged from 45°to 60°created the lowest soil bulk density.As the penetration clearance angle increased,the content of WSA(>0.5 mm)decreased,but the effect of penetration clearance angle on the content of WSA(<0.5 mm)was not significant.The cutting edge thickness(<2 mm)had no significant effects on soil properties of seedbed.This study could provide a reference for optimal design of the tine furrow opener to create more suitable seedbed e
文摘Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.
基金financially supported by the Xinjiang Key Industry Innovation and Development Support Project(Grant No.2020DB003).
文摘To reduce the ditching resistance of a furrow opener during operation,single-factor and multiple-factor combinations were used to explore the influence of the furrow opener’s advance speed,blade opening angle,and width on the ditching resistance based on the discrete element method(DEM).A DEM simulation of the furrow opener was developed.Upon changing these influencing factors,the parameters with the least resistance to operation were identified.Furrow openers were fabricated according to the optimized results,and soil trench tests were carried out.Simulations and soil groove tests showed that the minimum ditching resistance was 58.54 N when the current advance speed was 4.47 m/s,the blade opening angle was 32.02°,and the furrow opener width was 51.45 mm.The error between the simulated value of the ditching resistance and the soil trench test was within 10%,and the trends of resistance change were essentially the same,indicating that it is feasible to optimize the structural parameters of a trench furrow opener using DEM.These research results can provide a reference for the parameter optimization of furrow openers.
基金supported by Henan Province Science and Technology Project(Grant No.232102110271)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-03-44).
文摘To solve the problem of poor sowing quality due to loose soil in wheat seedbed after land preparation in the Huang-Huaihai region of China,a double compression seeder for pre-sowing and seed furrow of wheat in wide-seedling belts was designed.The machine sowing operation was divided into two processes:pre-sowing compression and seed ditch compression,pre-sowing compression was carried out homogenization of the pre-sowing seed bed that the tractor wheel has crushed,and the seed ditch compression compresses the seeds and soil in the seed ditch,so that the seeds were embedded in the seed ditch soil.By analyzing the kinematics of the pre-planting compression device and the spiral blade in the process of soil levelling and compression,the structure of the equal-difference variable-diameter equal-pitch spiral conveying winch was designed,and the key parameters of the drum spiral blade were determined,and then the height of the spiral blades,the rutting distance and the speed of the compression roller were taken as the test factors,and the soil flatness was used as the index to carry out the discrete element simulation test.The simulation results show that when the spiral blade was 4.85 cm,the rut distance was 37.4 cm,and the rotation speed was 327.16 r/min,the optimal land flatness was 0.18.Finally,field experiments were carried out on the seeder,and the results showed that:the soil bulk density after operation was 22.7%greater than that before sowing(p<0.01),and the soil flatness was 1.9 cm,which was consistent with the simulated results.The use of pre-sowing compression and seed furrow compression methods improved the soil environment of the seed bed,increased the uniformity of the seeding depth,and promoted the root growth of wheat.This study provides equipment support and technical reference for agricultural production in wheat-corn rotation areas in the Huang-Huaihai region of China.
