Research trials with fresh forages often require accurate and precise measurement of digestibility and variation in digestion between individuals, and the duration of measurement periods needs to be established to ens...Research trials with fresh forages often require accurate and precise measurement of digestibility and variation in digestion between individuals, and the duration of measurement periods needs to be established to ensure reliable data are obtained. The variation is likely to be greater when freshly harvested feeds are given, such as perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) and forage rape(Brassica napus L.),because the nutrient composition changes over time and in response to weather conditions. Daily feed intake and faeces output data from a digestibility trial with these forages were used to calculate the effects of differing lengths of the measurement period and differing numbers of sheep, on the precision of digestibility, with a view towards development of a protocol. Sixteen lambs aged 8 months and weighing 33 kg at the commencement of the trial were fed either perennial ryegrass or forage rape(8/treatment group) over 2 periods with 35 d between measurements. They had been acclimatised to the diets, having grazed them for 42 d prior to 11 days of indoor measurements. The sheep numbers required for a digestibility trial with different combinations of acclimatisation and measurement period lengths were subsequently calculated for 3 levels of imposed precision upon the estimate of mean dry matter(DM) digestibility. It is recommended that if the standard error of the mean for digestibility is equal to or higher than 5 g/kg DM, and if sheep are already used to a fresh perennial ryegrass or forage rape diet,then a minimum of 6 animals are needed and 4 acclimatisation days being fed individually in metabolic crates followed by 7 days of measurement.展开更多
网络购物的普及与冷链技术的不断成熟,促进了生鲜电商行业的快速发展。针对生鲜电商的前置仓选址及订单履约问题,本文考虑了生鲜商品需求的不确定性及保质期特点,构建了以选址成本和订单履约成本最小化为目标的两阶段随机规划模型。提...网络购物的普及与冷链技术的不断成熟,促进了生鲜电商行业的快速发展。针对生鲜电商的前置仓选址及订单履约问题,本文考虑了生鲜商品需求的不确定性及保质期特点,构建了以选址成本和订单履约成本最小化为目标的两阶段随机规划模型。提出了一种基于样本均值近似SAA(sample average approximation)的Benders分解算法,即SBD算法(sAA-based Benders decomposition)。该算法通过拉丁超立方抽样法将原模型转化为混合整数规划的SAA近似模型,再通过Benders分解算法对该模型进行求解。最后,以一个案例验证了所提出算法的有效性。结果表明,SBD算法在求解时间与求解精度上均优于商业求解器Cplex的求解结果;所提出的两阶段随机规划方法能够有效帮助生鲜电商企业在不确定环境下降低成本,为前置仓的布局及订单履约提供决策上的支持。展开更多
基金a part of a large project funded by the Ministry for Primary Industries of New Zealand under the Sustainable Land Management of Agricultural Climate Change(SLMACC) programmethe New Zealand Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium(PGgRc) under the Low GHG feeds programme
文摘Research trials with fresh forages often require accurate and precise measurement of digestibility and variation in digestion between individuals, and the duration of measurement periods needs to be established to ensure reliable data are obtained. The variation is likely to be greater when freshly harvested feeds are given, such as perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) and forage rape(Brassica napus L.),because the nutrient composition changes over time and in response to weather conditions. Daily feed intake and faeces output data from a digestibility trial with these forages were used to calculate the effects of differing lengths of the measurement period and differing numbers of sheep, on the precision of digestibility, with a view towards development of a protocol. Sixteen lambs aged 8 months and weighing 33 kg at the commencement of the trial were fed either perennial ryegrass or forage rape(8/treatment group) over 2 periods with 35 d between measurements. They had been acclimatised to the diets, having grazed them for 42 d prior to 11 days of indoor measurements. The sheep numbers required for a digestibility trial with different combinations of acclimatisation and measurement period lengths were subsequently calculated for 3 levels of imposed precision upon the estimate of mean dry matter(DM) digestibility. It is recommended that if the standard error of the mean for digestibility is equal to or higher than 5 g/kg DM, and if sheep are already used to a fresh perennial ryegrass or forage rape diet,then a minimum of 6 animals are needed and 4 acclimatisation days being fed individually in metabolic crates followed by 7 days of measurement.
文摘网络购物的普及与冷链技术的不断成熟,促进了生鲜电商行业的快速发展。针对生鲜电商的前置仓选址及订单履约问题,本文考虑了生鲜商品需求的不确定性及保质期特点,构建了以选址成本和订单履约成本最小化为目标的两阶段随机规划模型。提出了一种基于样本均值近似SAA(sample average approximation)的Benders分解算法,即SBD算法(sAA-based Benders decomposition)。该算法通过拉丁超立方抽样法将原模型转化为混合整数规划的SAA近似模型,再通过Benders分解算法对该模型进行求解。最后,以一个案例验证了所提出算法的有效性。结果表明,SBD算法在求解时间与求解精度上均优于商业求解器Cplex的求解结果;所提出的两阶段随机规划方法能够有效帮助生鲜电商企业在不确定环境下降低成本,为前置仓的布局及订单履约提供决策上的支持。
