By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentr...By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） are studied with the consideration of wind speed and direction, potential temperature, specific humidity profiles, pollutant concentration in the ABL, the surface temperature, and global radiation on the ground. It was shown that the daytime inversion is a key factor in controlling air pollution concentration. A clear and positive feedback process between the daytime inversion intensity and the air pollutants over the city was found through the analysis of influences of climatic and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which the terrain and air pollutants affect the formation of the daytime inversion are discussed. The solar radiation as the essential energy source to maintain the inversion is analyzed, as are various out-forcing factors affecting the inversion and air pollutants. At last, a physical frame of relationships of air pollution with daytime inversion and the local and out-forcing factors over Lanzhou is built.展开更多
In 2018,summer precipitation was above normal in North and Northwest China and below normal around the Yangtze River valley,due to an extremely strong East Asian summer monsoon(EASM).The atmospheric circulation anomal...In 2018,summer precipitation was above normal in North and Northwest China and below normal around the Yangtze River valley,due to an extremely strong East Asian summer monsoon(EASM).The atmospheric circulation anomalies in East Asia and key external forcing factors that influence the EASM in 2018 are explored in this paper.The results show that there existed an anomalous cyclonic circulation near the Philippines,while the western Pacific subtropical high was located more northward than its normal position.In the mid–high latitudes,a negative geopotential height anomaly center was found near the Ural Mountains,suppressing the blocking activity.Under such a circulation pattern,precipitation near the Yangtze River valley decreased because local divergence and subsidence intensified,whereas precipitation in northern China increased due to large amounts of water vapor transport by anomalously strong southerly winds.Further analyses reveal that the strong EASM circulation in 2018 might result from the joint influences of several external forcing factors.The weak La Ni?a event that started from October 2017,the positive North Atlantic Tripolar mode(NAT)in spring 2018,and the reduced snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau in winter 2017/18 all collaboratively contributed to formation of the cyclonic circulation anomaly near the Philippines,leading to the extremely strong EASM.Especially,the positive NAT and the reduced Tibetan snow cover may have caused the negative geopotential height anomaly near the Ural Mountains,in favor of a strong EASM.The above external factors and their reinforcing impacts on the EASM are further verified by two groups of similar historical cases.展开更多
利用快速同化系统LAPS资料,结合卫星、雷达、GPS和地面逐小时加密观测资料,对比分析了2012年7月12—13日鄂东北地区连续两次大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统特征。结果表明:鄂东北地区两次大暴雨过程发生的强迫机制明显不同,分别为热力因子...利用快速同化系统LAPS资料,结合卫星、雷达、GPS和地面逐小时加密观测资料,对比分析了2012年7月12—13日鄂东北地区连续两次大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统特征。结果表明:鄂东北地区两次大暴雨过程发生的强迫机制明显不同,分别为热力因子主导的暖平流强迫和动力因子主导的锋生强迫。在两种不同动力机制条件下,第一次大暴雨过程对流云团呈不对称分布,强回波伸展高度较高,强降水主要位于黑体亮温(Temperature of Black Body,TBB)梯度大值区,产生的降水强度较大,并伴有强雷电活动;第二次大暴雨过程对流云团呈对称分布,强回波伸展高度较低,强降水主要位于TBB大值中心,表现为明显的暖云降水。但在两种动力机制下,两次大暴雨过程均形成了长时间的降水,一方面由于边界层冷池的冷出流与南风入流在对流系统后侧交汇,形成后向传播,强降水单体传播和移动相互抵消,从而使对流系统稳定维持;另一方面由于对流系统移动方向与引导气流方向一致,强降水单体依次经过同一地点,产生较大的累积降水。展开更多
Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four cen...Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four centuries in the arid,semiarid,and semihumid East Asia.The results showed that these regions mainly experienced drought events during the periods from AD 1601 to AD 1652,AD 1680 to AD 1718,AD 1779 to AD 1791,AD 1807 to AD 1824,AD 1846 to AD 1885,and AD 1961 to AD 1999.In the middle of the 16th century,severe droughts occurred mainly in North China;during the period from AD 1876 to AD 1878,droughts occurred in most parts of northern China;and from the 1920s to 1940s,catastrophic drought events spread across almost all of northern China and Mongolia.These historical drought events caused severe ecological and environmental problems and substantially affected the development of human society.In these regions,temperature and summer monsoon precipitation are the main factors influencing drought events.In western areas,PDSI and temperature exhibit a close relationship,whereas in eastern areas,summer monsoon rainfall is the dominant factor influencing variations in PDSI.展开更多
全新世气候变化模拟对了解气候变化的特征和驱动机制具有重要意义。而利用地球系统模式CESM对全新世气候进行瞬变模拟的研究至今还是空白。同时前人只考虑地球轨道参数、温室气体、大陆冰盖、融水这4种外强迫因子作用的模拟结果和集成...全新世气候变化模拟对了解气候变化的特征和驱动机制具有重要意义。而利用地球系统模式CESM对全新世气候进行瞬变模拟的研究至今还是空白。同时前人只考虑地球轨道参数、温室气体、大陆冰盖、融水这4种外强迫因子作用的模拟结果和集成重建的全新世全球年平均温度的变化呈相反的趋势,尤其是在5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段差异最为显著,被称为全新世"温度悖论",至于其原因至今尚无定论。因此,文章利用CESM1.0.3,并考虑更全面的外强迫(地球轨道参数、太阳辐射、火山喷发、温室气体、土地利用/土地覆被)对全新世气候变化进行瞬变模拟。基于本文模拟结果分析发现全强迫试验模拟的全球范围合成年平均温度与Marcott等(2013)集成重建的全球年平均温度在5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段的变化趋势基本一致,均下降0.50℃左右,有效地化解了5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段的"温度悖论"。研究还发现,此降温趋势主要是由火山喷发外强迫作用导致的,在此时段火山喷发外强迫导致了0.86℃的降温效应,温室气体强迫作用导致0.38℃的升温趋势,而其他外强迫的贡献较小,合计约为-0.02℃。5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段火山喷发导致降温趋势的原因在于连续增强的火山气溶胶改变了地表辐射平衡,使得地表接收的太阳辐射减少和射出长波辐射增加。展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40830957 and 40575006)the joint research project of Gansu Province and Chinese Academy of Science named"Study on Atmosphere Pollution and its Countermeasure of Lanzhou City"
文摘By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） are studied with the consideration of wind speed and direction, potential temperature, specific humidity profiles, pollutant concentration in the ABL, the surface temperature, and global radiation on the ground. It was shown that the daytime inversion is a key factor in controlling air pollution concentration. A clear and positive feedback process between the daytime inversion intensity and the air pollutants over the city was found through the analysis of influences of climatic and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which the terrain and air pollutants affect the formation of the daytime inversion are discussed. The solar radiation as the essential energy source to maintain the inversion is analyzed, as are various out-forcing factors affecting the inversion and air pollutants. At last, a physical frame of relationships of air pollution with daytime inversion and the local and out-forcing factors over Lanzhou is built.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1506006)National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2015BAC03B04)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41805067 and 41275073)
文摘In 2018,summer precipitation was above normal in North and Northwest China and below normal around the Yangtze River valley,due to an extremely strong East Asian summer monsoon(EASM).The atmospheric circulation anomalies in East Asia and key external forcing factors that influence the EASM in 2018 are explored in this paper.The results show that there existed an anomalous cyclonic circulation near the Philippines,while the western Pacific subtropical high was located more northward than its normal position.In the mid–high latitudes,a negative geopotential height anomaly center was found near the Ural Mountains,suppressing the blocking activity.Under such a circulation pattern,precipitation near the Yangtze River valley decreased because local divergence and subsidence intensified,whereas precipitation in northern China increased due to large amounts of water vapor transport by anomalously strong southerly winds.Further analyses reveal that the strong EASM circulation in 2018 might result from the joint influences of several external forcing factors.The weak La Ni?a event that started from October 2017,the positive North Atlantic Tripolar mode(NAT)in spring 2018,and the reduced snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau in winter 2017/18 all collaboratively contributed to formation of the cyclonic circulation anomaly near the Philippines,leading to the extremely strong EASM.Especially,the positive NAT and the reduced Tibetan snow cover may have caused the negative geopotential height anomaly near the Ural Mountains,in favor of a strong EASM.The above external factors and their reinforcing impacts on the EASM are further verified by two groups of similar historical cases.
文摘利用快速同化系统LAPS资料,结合卫星、雷达、GPS和地面逐小时加密观测资料,对比分析了2012年7月12—13日鄂东北地区连续两次大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统特征。结果表明:鄂东北地区两次大暴雨过程发生的强迫机制明显不同,分别为热力因子主导的暖平流强迫和动力因子主导的锋生强迫。在两种不同动力机制条件下,第一次大暴雨过程对流云团呈不对称分布,强回波伸展高度较高,强降水主要位于黑体亮温(Temperature of Black Body,TBB)梯度大值区,产生的降水强度较大,并伴有强雷电活动;第二次大暴雨过程对流云团呈对称分布,强回波伸展高度较低,强降水主要位于TBB大值中心,表现为明显的暖云降水。但在两种动力机制下,两次大暴雨过程均形成了长时间的降水,一方面由于边界层冷池的冷出流与南风入流在对流系统后侧交汇,形成后向传播,强降水单体传播和移动相互抵消,从而使对流系统稳定维持;另一方面由于对流系统移动方向与引导气流方向一致,强降水单体依次经过同一地点,产生较大的累积降水。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41225001)the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Program(2012BAC19B09)
文摘Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four centuries in the arid,semiarid,and semihumid East Asia.The results showed that these regions mainly experienced drought events during the periods from AD 1601 to AD 1652,AD 1680 to AD 1718,AD 1779 to AD 1791,AD 1807 to AD 1824,AD 1846 to AD 1885,and AD 1961 to AD 1999.In the middle of the 16th century,severe droughts occurred mainly in North China;during the period from AD 1876 to AD 1878,droughts occurred in most parts of northern China;and from the 1920s to 1940s,catastrophic drought events spread across almost all of northern China and Mongolia.These historical drought events caused severe ecological and environmental problems and substantially affected the development of human society.In these regions,temperature and summer monsoon precipitation are the main factors influencing drought events.In western areas,PDSI and temperature exhibit a close relationship,whereas in eastern areas,summer monsoon rainfall is the dominant factor influencing variations in PDSI.
文摘全新世气候变化模拟对了解气候变化的特征和驱动机制具有重要意义。而利用地球系统模式CESM对全新世气候进行瞬变模拟的研究至今还是空白。同时前人只考虑地球轨道参数、温室气体、大陆冰盖、融水这4种外强迫因子作用的模拟结果和集成重建的全新世全球年平均温度的变化呈相反的趋势,尤其是在5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段差异最为显著,被称为全新世"温度悖论",至于其原因至今尚无定论。因此,文章利用CESM1.0.3,并考虑更全面的外强迫(地球轨道参数、太阳辐射、火山喷发、温室气体、土地利用/土地覆被)对全新世气候变化进行瞬变模拟。基于本文模拟结果分析发现全强迫试验模拟的全球范围合成年平均温度与Marcott等(2013)集成重建的全球年平均温度在5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段的变化趋势基本一致,均下降0.50℃左右,有效地化解了5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段的"温度悖论"。研究还发现,此降温趋势主要是由火山喷发外强迫作用导致的,在此时段火山喷发外强迫导致了0.86℃的降温效应,温室气体强迫作用导致0.38℃的升温趋势,而其他外强迫的贡献较小,合计约为-0.02℃。5.00~0.15 ka B.P.时段火山喷发导致降温趋势的原因在于连续增强的火山气溶胶改变了地表辐射平衡,使得地表接收的太阳辐射减少和射出长波辐射增加。
