Objective To know the characteristics of contraceptive use in Sao Paulo State collected by the Demographic and Health Survey （DHS） conducted in 1996. Methods Data of Sao Paulo in 1996 were analyzed compared with the...Objective To know the characteristics of contraceptive use in Sao Paulo State collected by the Demographic and Health Survey （DHS） conducted in 1996. Methods Data of Sao Paulo in 1996 were analyzed compared with the previous DHS carried on in 1986focusing on Sao Paulo State. Contraceptive use among married or cohabiting women by age, number of children and schooling was closely examined. Age and timing of female sterilization were also analyzed. Results The results showed that unlike Brazil there was a stability of female sterilization in Sao Paulo State during 1986 and 1996. There was a pattern in Sao Paulo： up to 30 years old the pill was the most used contraceptive, after 30 there was a predominance of female sterilization, which increased with the number of children and decreased with schooling. The use of male methods had also increased in the 1986 and 1996 period, being greater in Sao Paulo than in Brazil. Sao Paulo also presented more diversity in the use of reversible contraceptives. Conclusions The predominant two contraceptive methods in Brazil and Sao Paulo changed from 1986 to 1996, i.e..from pill to female sterilization.展开更多
A multi center randomized clinical trial was adopted in the present study. 1705 eligible women with identical demographic and gynecological characteristics were divided into two groups: 871 using phenol atabrine pas...A multi center randomized clinical trial was adopted in the present study. 1705 eligible women with identical demographic and gynecological characteristics were divided into two groups: 871 using phenol atabrine paste (PAP) and 834 using phenol mucilage (PM). The five year follow up rates for the two groups were 97.5% and 98.1%, respectively. The multiple decrement life table analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the gross cumulative failure rates between the two groups. The 60th month gross cumulative failure rates for PAP group and PM group were 4.61% and 11.87%, respectively, thus indicating the efficacy of PAP to be significantly higher than that of PM. 97.7% users had cervical smear examinations, but no suspected cancer cells or cancer cells were found. Meanwhile, there was no known diseases related to the chemical reagent. This follow up study indicates that tubal sterilization by chemical instillation is a simple,safe and efficient female method. It suggested that this method would be introduced to a wider use on the basis of modification in the composition of chemical agents, standardized operational procedure, and improved administrative regulation in the use of this technology.展开更多
Objectives To study characteristics of psychosomatic symptoms related to sterilization, to find out risk factors and their roles ascribed to psychosomatic symptoms, and to establish a mathematic model for screening...Objectives To study characteristics of psychosomatic symptoms related to sterilization, to find out risk factors and their roles ascribed to psychosomatic symptoms, and to establish a mathematic model for screening out susceptible women. Methods: This study enrolled 776 women in rural area at three counties of Linxiang, Qiyang, Changsha of Hunan province in China between February 1990 and April 1992. Brief Neurosis Screening Scale (BNSS), Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), sensitivity to pain, suggestibility were used to indicate subjects' psychological status. Logistic regression model and retrograde discriminant analysis were applied to develop a mathematical model. Results: Prevalence of psychosomatic reactions or symptoms was 54.8% before sterilization, 26.6% at three months and 16.4% at one year after operation respectively. Psychosomatic symptoms were verified to be the result of joint effects of multiple risk factors. The following risk factors were associated with postoperative symptoms: anger-hostility (RR=33.71), high suggestibility (RR=4.53), high neuroticism (RR=3.44), sensitivity to pain (RR=2.14) and operative sites (RR=2.05). A mathematical model to estimate the probability of developing psychosomatic symptoms in sterilization was established.Conclusions: More than half of women suffered from psychosomatic reactions before operation, and some of them did not recover after operation. The postoperative psychosomatic symptoms are the joint effect of multiple risk factors.展开更多
文摘Objective To know the characteristics of contraceptive use in Sao Paulo State collected by the Demographic and Health Survey （DHS） conducted in 1996. Methods Data of Sao Paulo in 1996 were analyzed compared with the previous DHS carried on in 1986focusing on Sao Paulo State. Contraceptive use among married or cohabiting women by age, number of children and schooling was closely examined. Age and timing of female sterilization were also analyzed. Results The results showed that unlike Brazil there was a stability of female sterilization in Sao Paulo State during 1986 and 1996. There was a pattern in Sao Paulo： up to 30 years old the pill was the most used contraceptive, after 30 there was a predominance of female sterilization, which increased with the number of children and decreased with schooling. The use of male methods had also increased in the 1986 and 1996 period, being greater in Sao Paulo than in Brazil. Sao Paulo also presented more diversity in the use of reversible contraceptives. Conclusions The predominant two contraceptive methods in Brazil and Sao Paulo changed from 1986 to 1996, i.e..from pill to female sterilization.
文摘A multi center randomized clinical trial was adopted in the present study. 1705 eligible women with identical demographic and gynecological characteristics were divided into two groups: 871 using phenol atabrine paste (PAP) and 834 using phenol mucilage (PM). The five year follow up rates for the two groups were 97.5% and 98.1%, respectively. The multiple decrement life table analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the gross cumulative failure rates between the two groups. The 60th month gross cumulative failure rates for PAP group and PM group were 4.61% and 11.87%, respectively, thus indicating the efficacy of PAP to be significantly higher than that of PM. 97.7% users had cervical smear examinations, but no suspected cancer cells or cancer cells were found. Meanwhile, there was no known diseases related to the chemical reagent. This follow up study indicates that tubal sterilization by chemical instillation is a simple,safe and efficient female method. It suggested that this method would be introduced to a wider use on the basis of modification in the composition of chemical agents, standardized operational procedure, and improved administrative regulation in the use of this technology.
文摘Objectives To study characteristics of psychosomatic symptoms related to sterilization, to find out risk factors and their roles ascribed to psychosomatic symptoms, and to establish a mathematic model for screening out susceptible women. Methods: This study enrolled 776 women in rural area at three counties of Linxiang, Qiyang, Changsha of Hunan province in China between February 1990 and April 1992. Brief Neurosis Screening Scale (BNSS), Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), sensitivity to pain, suggestibility were used to indicate subjects' psychological status. Logistic regression model and retrograde discriminant analysis were applied to develop a mathematical model. Results: Prevalence of psychosomatic reactions or symptoms was 54.8% before sterilization, 26.6% at three months and 16.4% at one year after operation respectively. Psychosomatic symptoms were verified to be the result of joint effects of multiple risk factors. The following risk factors were associated with postoperative symptoms: anger-hostility (RR=33.71), high suggestibility (RR=4.53), high neuroticism (RR=3.44), sensitivity to pain (RR=2.14) and operative sites (RR=2.05). A mathematical model to estimate the probability of developing psychosomatic symptoms in sterilization was established.Conclusions: More than half of women suffered from psychosomatic reactions before operation, and some of them did not recover after operation. The postoperative psychosomatic symptoms are the joint effect of multiple risk factors.
