The optimal decision-making of the low-carbon supply chain incorporating fairness concerns, such as the effort of reducing carbon emissions, the whole sale price and retail price, is analyzed by taking the Nash bargai...The optimal decision-making of the low-carbon supply chain incorporating fairness concerns, such as the effort of reducing carbon emissions, the whole sale price and retail price, is analyzed by taking the Nash bargaining solution as the fairness reference point. The following conclusions are found. Firstly, the wholesale price is strongly influenced by the fairness concern of the manufacturer but weakly influenced by that of the retailer, although both statistically significantly. Secondly, both the manufacturer’s and retailer’s fairness concerns reduce carbon emissions dramatically to nearly the same extent. Thirdly, the effect of the manufacturer’s fairness concern on the retail price is so tiny that it can almost be ignored, while the retailer’s fairness concern changes the retail price remarkably.展开更多
Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer＇s dec...Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer＇s decision-making in the ultimatum game compared with the dictator game. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that proposing fair offers in the dictator game elicited greater activation in the right supramarginal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and left anterior cingulate cortex compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game in 23 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students from Beijing Normal University in China. However, greater activation was found in the right superior temporal gyrus and left cingulate gyrus for the reverse contrast. ＂The results indicate that proposing fair offers in the dictator game is more strongly associated with cognitive control and conflicting information processing compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game.展开更多
The findable,accessible,interoperable,reusable(FAIR)principles for scientific data management and stewardship aim to facilitate data reuse at scale by both humans and machines.Research and development(R&D)in the p...The findable,accessible,interoperable,reusable(FAIR)principles for scientific data management and stewardship aim to facilitate data reuse at scale by both humans and machines.Research and development(R&D)in the pharmaceutical industry is becoming increasingly data driven,but managing its data assets according to FAIR principles remains costly and challenging.To date,little scientific evidence exists about how FAIR is currently implemented in practice,what its associated costs and benefits are,and how decisions are made about the retrospective FAIRification of data sets in pharmaceutical R&D.This paper reports the results of semi-structured interviews with 14 pharmaceutical professionals who participate in various stages of drug R&D in seven pharmaceutical businesses.Inductive thematic analysis identified three primary themes of the benefits and costs of FAIRification,and the elements that influence the decision-making process for FAIRifying legacy data sets.Participants collectively acknowledged the potential contribution of FAIRification to data reusability in diverse research domains and the subsequent potential for cost-savings.Implementation costs,however,were still considered a barrier by participants,with the need for considerable expenditure in terms of resources,and cultural change.How decisions were made about FAIRification was influenced by legal and ethical considerations,management commitment,and data prioritisation.The findings have significant implications for those in the pharmaceutical R&D industry who are engaged in driving FAIR implementation,and for external parties who seek to better understand existing practices and challenges.展开更多
基金Supported by National Social Science Foundation of China(16CGL017)
文摘The optimal decision-making of the low-carbon supply chain incorporating fairness concerns, such as the effort of reducing carbon emissions, the whole sale price and retail price, is analyzed by taking the Nash bargaining solution as the fairness reference point. The following conclusions are found. Firstly, the wholesale price is strongly influenced by the fairness concern of the manufacturer but weakly influenced by that of the retailer, although both statistically significantly. Secondly, both the manufacturer’s and retailer’s fairness concerns reduce carbon emissions dramatically to nearly the same extent. Thirdly, the effect of the manufacturer’s fairness concern on the retail price is so tiny that it can almost be ignored, while the retailer’s fairness concern changes the retail price remarkably.
基金supported by the National Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning at Beijing Normal University (the 973 program),No. 2010CB8339004the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 30970911+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities,No.SWJTU11BR192the Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China,No. 12YJC630317
文摘Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer＇s decision-making in the ultimatum game compared with the dictator game. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that proposing fair offers in the dictator game elicited greater activation in the right supramarginal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and left anterior cingulate cortex compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game in 23 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students from Beijing Normal University in China. However, greater activation was found in the right superior temporal gyrus and left cingulate gyrus for the reverse contrast. ＂The results indicate that proposing fair offers in the dictator game is more strongly associated with cognitive control and conflicting information processing compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game.
基金the FAIRplus project(IMI2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No.802750)The EPSRC supported C.Jay in this work under EP/S021779/1E.Alharbi’s scholarship is sponsored by Umm Al-Qura University,the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(No.1057493924)
文摘The findable,accessible,interoperable,reusable(FAIR)principles for scientific data management and stewardship aim to facilitate data reuse at scale by both humans and machines.Research and development(R&D)in the pharmaceutical industry is becoming increasingly data driven,but managing its data assets according to FAIR principles remains costly and challenging.To date,little scientific evidence exists about how FAIR is currently implemented in practice,what its associated costs and benefits are,and how decisions are made about the retrospective FAIRification of data sets in pharmaceutical R&D.This paper reports the results of semi-structured interviews with 14 pharmaceutical professionals who participate in various stages of drug R&D in seven pharmaceutical businesses.Inductive thematic analysis identified three primary themes of the benefits and costs of FAIRification,and the elements that influence the decision-making process for FAIRifying legacy data sets.Participants collectively acknowledged the potential contribution of FAIRification to data reusability in diverse research domains and the subsequent potential for cost-savings.Implementation costs,however,were still considered a barrier by participants,with the need for considerable expenditure in terms of resources,and cultural change.How decisions were made about FAIRification was influenced by legal and ethical considerations,management commitment,and data prioritisation.The findings have significant implications for those in the pharmaceutical R&D industry who are engaged in driving FAIR implementation,and for external parties who seek to better understand existing practices and challenges.
