Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are vesicular bodies that bud off from the cell membrane or are secreted virtually by all cell types.Small EVs(sEVs or exosomes)are key mediators of cell-cell communication by delivering the...Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are vesicular bodies that bud off from the cell membrane or are secreted virtually by all cell types.Small EVs(sEVs or exosomes)are key mediators of cell-cell communication by delivering their cargo,including proteins,lipids,or RNAs,to the recipient cells where they induce changes in signaling pathways and phenotypic prop-erties.Tangible findings have revealed the pivotal involve-ment of sEVs in the pathogenesis of various diseases.On the bright side,they are rich sources of biomarkers for diag-nosis,prognosis,treatment response,and disease monitor-ing.sEVs have high stability,biocompatibility,targetability,low toxicity,and are immunogenic in nature.Their intrinsic properties make sEVs an ideal delivery vehicle to be loaded with cargo for therapeutic interventions.Liver diseases are a major global health problem.This review aims to focus on the roles and mechanisms of sEVs in the pathogenesis of liver diseases,liver injury,liver failure,and liver can-cer.sEVs are released not only by hepatocytes but also by stromal and immune cells in the microenvironment.Early detection of liver disease determines the chance for cura-tive treatment and high survival of patients.This review focuses on the potential of circulating sEV cargo as specific and sensitive noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of liver diseases.In addition,the therapeutic use of sEVs derived from various cell types is discussed.Al-though sEVs hold promise for clinical applications,there are still challenges to be overcome by further research to bring utilization of sEVs into clinical practice.展开更多
Pseudomelanosis duodeni (PD) is a rare dark speckled appearance of the duodenum associated with gastrointestinal bleeding,hypertension,chronic heart failure,chronic renal failure and consumption of different drugs.We ...Pseudomelanosis duodeni (PD) is a rare dark speckled appearance of the duodenum associated with gastrointestinal bleeding,hypertension,chronic heart failure,chronic renal failure and consumption of different drugs.We report four cases of PD associated with chronic renal failure admitted to the gastroenterology outpatient unit due to epigastric pain,nausea,melena and progressive reduction of hemoglobin index.Gastroduodenal endoscopy revealed erosions in the esophagus and stomach,with no active bleeding at the moment.In addition,the duodenal mucosa presented marked signs of melanosis;later confirmed by histopathological study.Even though PD is usually regarded as a benign condition,its pathogenesis and clinical significance is yet to be defined.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hemostasis effect of spleen-invigorating, Qi-replenishing and blood-arresting formula, on a zebrafish models with simvastatin-induced hemorrhage, and with symptom pattern caused by spleen...OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hemostasis effect of spleen-invigorating, Qi-replenishing and blood-arresting formula, on a zebrafish models with simvastatin-induced hemorrhage, and with symptom pattern caused by spleen failing to control blood, in terms of theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).METHODS: In the first experiment, 60 AB strain wild type zebrafishes were randomly assigned into two groups: normal group and model group. The model group was treated with 50 μM simvastatinfor 24 h. The second experiment: The melanin allele mutated Albino strain zebrafishes were divided into normal, model, A group and B group. The observational parameters were as follows: blood flow, velocity of movement, hemorrhage ratio and improvement ratio of hemorrhage.RESULTS: Hemorrhage ratio: in the first experiment, brain hemorrhage ratio was 75%. In the second experiment, heart hemorrhage ratio was 65%.Blood flow: compared with the normal group,there was a significantly decrease in the model group(P < 0.001). Velocity of movement: in the first experimental, compared with the normal group,there was a significantly decrease in the model group(P < 0.001). Improvement ratio of hemorrhage: agents A had little effect in heart hemorrhage of the zebrafish; agents B could reduce heart hemorrhage ratio of the zebrafish, and increase the improvement ratio of hemorrhage.CONCLUSION: The manifestation of zebrafish model with simvastatin-induced hemorrhage is basically similar to that of the clinical symptom pattern caused by spleen's failure to control blood. The Spleen-invigorating, Qi-replenishing and Blood-arresting Formula can reduce the heart hemorrhage ratio of zebrafish induced by simvastatin, and increase the Improvement ratio of hemorrhage.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foun-dation of China General Program(Grant numbers:81872340 and 82072626).
文摘Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are vesicular bodies that bud off from the cell membrane or are secreted virtually by all cell types.Small EVs(sEVs or exosomes)are key mediators of cell-cell communication by delivering their cargo,including proteins,lipids,or RNAs,to the recipient cells where they induce changes in signaling pathways and phenotypic prop-erties.Tangible findings have revealed the pivotal involve-ment of sEVs in the pathogenesis of various diseases.On the bright side,they are rich sources of biomarkers for diag-nosis,prognosis,treatment response,and disease monitor-ing.sEVs have high stability,biocompatibility,targetability,low toxicity,and are immunogenic in nature.Their intrinsic properties make sEVs an ideal delivery vehicle to be loaded with cargo for therapeutic interventions.Liver diseases are a major global health problem.This review aims to focus on the roles and mechanisms of sEVs in the pathogenesis of liver diseases,liver injury,liver failure,and liver can-cer.sEVs are released not only by hepatocytes but also by stromal and immune cells in the microenvironment.Early detection of liver disease determines the chance for cura-tive treatment and high survival of patients.This review focuses on the potential of circulating sEV cargo as specific and sensitive noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of liver diseases.In addition,the therapeutic use of sEVs derived from various cell types is discussed.Al-though sEVs hold promise for clinical applications,there are still challenges to be overcome by further research to bring utilization of sEVs into clinical practice.
文摘Pseudomelanosis duodeni (PD) is a rare dark speckled appearance of the duodenum associated with gastrointestinal bleeding,hypertension,chronic heart failure,chronic renal failure and consumption of different drugs.We report four cases of PD associated with chronic renal failure admitted to the gastroenterology outpatient unit due to epigastric pain,nausea,melena and progressive reduction of hemoglobin index.Gastroduodenal endoscopy revealed erosions in the esophagus and stomach,with no active bleeding at the moment.In addition,the duodenal mucosa presented marked signs of melanosis;later confirmed by histopathological study.Even though PD is usually regarded as a benign condition,its pathogenesis and clinical significance is yet to be defined.
基金Supported by National Program on Key Basic Research Program(973 Program)Project(No.2013CB531705)--Study on the Visceral Picture Theory of "Spleen Governs Transportation and Transformation-controls blood"
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hemostasis effect of spleen-invigorating, Qi-replenishing and blood-arresting formula, on a zebrafish models with simvastatin-induced hemorrhage, and with symptom pattern caused by spleen failing to control blood, in terms of theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).METHODS: In the first experiment, 60 AB strain wild type zebrafishes were randomly assigned into two groups: normal group and model group. The model group was treated with 50 μM simvastatinfor 24 h. The second experiment: The melanin allele mutated Albino strain zebrafishes were divided into normal, model, A group and B group. The observational parameters were as follows: blood flow, velocity of movement, hemorrhage ratio and improvement ratio of hemorrhage.RESULTS: Hemorrhage ratio: in the first experiment, brain hemorrhage ratio was 75%. In the second experiment, heart hemorrhage ratio was 65%.Blood flow: compared with the normal group,there was a significantly decrease in the model group(P < 0.001). Velocity of movement: in the first experimental, compared with the normal group,there was a significantly decrease in the model group(P < 0.001). Improvement ratio of hemorrhage: agents A had little effect in heart hemorrhage of the zebrafish; agents B could reduce heart hemorrhage ratio of the zebrafish, and increase the improvement ratio of hemorrhage.CONCLUSION: The manifestation of zebrafish model with simvastatin-induced hemorrhage is basically similar to that of the clinical symptom pattern caused by spleen's failure to control blood. The Spleen-invigorating, Qi-replenishing and Blood-arresting Formula can reduce the heart hemorrhage ratio of zebrafish induced by simvastatin, and increase the Improvement ratio of hemorrhage.
