IPCC报告指出到本世纪中期全球大气CO2浓度将比目前的浓度增加50%。CO2浓度升高将影响大豆的生长及产量。有关大气CO2浓度对大豆影响的研究大多在温室或开顶式气室中进行的,利用FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)系统对大豆生长发育受CO2...IPCC报告指出到本世纪中期全球大气CO2浓度将比目前的浓度增加50%。CO2浓度升高将影响大豆的生长及产量。有关大气CO2浓度对大豆影响的研究大多在温室或开顶式气室中进行的,利用FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)系统对大豆生长发育受CO2浓度升高影响的试验首次在中国进行,FACE圈中心的CO2浓度维持在(550±60)μmol·mol-1,对照浓度(389±40)μmo·lmol-1。这是继美国SoyFACE之后世界第二个利用FACE系统对大豆生长发育进行的研究,研究表明:大气CO2浓度升高提高了两个大豆品种全生育期的叶、茎、荚重及地上部分总重,收获后地上部分总干重平均提高52.30%;大豆叶面积对CO2浓度升高的响应存在品种差异,中黄35促进叶面积增加而中黄13抑制叶面积的增加。CO2浓度升高使鼓粒期大豆比叶重增加,中黄35比叶重增加23.08%到达显著水平。CO2浓度升高使大豆节数、分枝数、茎粗提高,特别是茎粗收获期中黄35增加7.18%,中黄13增加26.33%,均到达显著或极显著水平;大气CO2浓度升高使两个品种产量平均增加30.93%,产量的增加主要是由于CO2浓度升高提高了大豆单株荚数和百粒重。大气CO2浓度升高对大豆各器官占地上部分重量的比例影响不明显,对大豆收获指数的影响未达显著水平。大气CO2浓度升高对大豆的影响品种差异明显。结论与美国SoyFACE的研究结果基本一致,如FACE系统下大豆生物量、产量都较对照增高,但变化幅度较SoyFACE的结果高。展开更多
研究大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆影响,有助于人们了解未来气候变化后绿豆生产的变化,以提前采取必要的应对措施趋利避害。本研究利用FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)系统在大田条件进行了绿豆生长发育及产量受CO2浓度升高影响的试验。结果表明...研究大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆影响,有助于人们了解未来气候变化后绿豆生产的变化,以提前采取必要的应对措施趋利避害。本研究利用FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)系统在大田条件进行了绿豆生长发育及产量受CO2浓度升高影响的试验。结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高后,绿豆叶面积、株高、节数、茎粗增加;倒数第一完全展开叶叶面积增加6.1%～34.65%,倒数第二完全展开叶叶面积增加4.45%～43.64%;收获期,绿豆株高、节数、茎粗分别增加19.56%、8.24%、9.71%;绿豆叶片叶绿素含量则有下降的趋势,蕾期和花荚期,倒数第一片完全展开的叶片叶绿素含量分别下降1.53%、14.21%,花荚期,倒数第二片完全展开的叶片叶绿素含量下降7.06%;收获后单株地上部分生物量增加24.45%,单株籽粒产量增加13.87%,而收获指数则有下降趋势;产量的提高是由于单株有效荚数显著增加,而单荚粒数和百粒重变化不显著。未来大气CO2浓度升高将促进绿豆的生长发育,使绿豆地上部分生物量和产量增加。展开更多
Impact of elevated CO2 (free air CO2 enrichment) was studied on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var Kundan) growth, yield and proteome. Elevated CO2 significantly impacted both underground (+24%) and aboveground (+15%) bi...Impact of elevated CO2 (free air CO2 enrichment) was studied on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var Kundan) growth, yield and proteome. Elevated CO2 significantly impacted both underground (+24%) and aboveground (+15%) biomass. Grain weight/plant and harvest index were increased by 35% and 11.4%, respectively under high CO2. On the other hand, seed protein content was decreased by 19% under CO2 enrichment while seed starch and soluble sugar contents were increased by 8% and 23%, respectively. Wheat leaf proteomics revealed that 50 proteins were showing differential expression. Twenty proteins were more abundant while 30 were less abundant. Thirty two proteins were identified by MALDI TOF TOF. More abundant proteins were related to defense, photosynthesis, energy metabolism etc. While less abundant proteins were related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Wheat grain proteomics revealed that out of 49 differentially abundant proteins, 24 were more in abundance and 25 were less in abundance in wheat grains under eCO2 condition. Thirty three proteins were identified and functionally characterized. They were found to be involved mainly in carbon metabolism, storage, defence and proteolysis. Gluten proteins are the major component of wheat storage proteins. Our results showed that both high and low molecular weight glutenins were more in eCO2 wheat seeds while there was no change in gliadin evels. This might alter wheat dough strength. Concentration of grain Cr and As was increased at eCO2 while that of Fe, Cu, Zn and Se were found to be decreased. Dynamics of carbon utilization and metabolic abilities of soil microbes under eCO2 were significantly altered. Our study showed that altered wheat seed composition is cause for concern vis-à-vis nutrition and health and for industries which may have implications for agriculturally dominated country like India.展开更多
The maximum work principle of Bishop-Hill was developed to analyze the axisymmetric co-deformation in face-centered cubic crystals (f.c.c.) for twinning on {111} 112 and slip on {111} 110 systems. The influence of ξ ...The maximum work principle of Bishop-Hill was developed to analyze the axisymmetric co-deformation in face-centered cubic crystals (f.c.c.) for twinning on {111} 112 and slip on {111} 110 systems. The influence of ξ , the ratio of critical re- solved shear stress for twinning to slip, on the yield stress states and corresponding active slip or/and twinning systems for orientations in the standard stereographic triangle of cubic crystal was investigated systematically. The Taylor factors and the anisotropy of yield strength for three important orientations [100], [110] and [111] in orientation space were analyzed. It is found that the yield strength asymmetry for the case of axisymmetric de- formation of tension and compression can be explained based on the microscopic theory of crystal plasticity. The concept of orientation factor for twinning ability was proposed and the deformation mechanism map in the orientation space was established for the case of axisymmetric deformation. The deformation texture formation and development of f.c.c. crystals with low stacking fault energy for axisymmetric tension can be explained qualita- tively on the basis of analyzed results.展开更多
联合国政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)最新报告预测20世纪中叶全球大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度将由目前的381μmolmol-1至少上升到550μmolmol-1,CO2浓度不断升高将对世界粮食生产和安全产生深刻影响。与封闭和半封闭气室相比,FACE(FreeAir ...联合国政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)最新报告预测20世纪中叶全球大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度将由目前的381μmolmol-1至少上升到550μmolmol-1,CO2浓度不断升高将对世界粮食生产和安全产生深刻影响。与封闭和半封闭气室相比,FACE(FreeAir CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气中CO2浓度增高)技术平台,在完全开放的大田条件下运行,代表了人们对未来高CO2浓度环境的最好模拟。水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,在过去10a中(1998～2007年),全球有两个大型水稻FACE平台(直径12m)在运行,一个在温带地区的日本岩手,另一个在亚热带地区的中国江苏。以FACE研究为重点,系统收集和整理了高CO2浓度对水稻产量影响的研究进展,比较了FACE与各种气室研究结果的异同点,评估了CO2与生物(品种、病虫和杂草)和非生物因子(肥料、水分、温度和臭氧)的互作效应,提出了未来大气CO2浓度升高情形下水稻生产的适应策略,并讨论了该领域有待深入研究的方向。展开更多
人类活动导致的大气和气候变化将极大地改变作物未来的生长环境,其中一个显著的变化就是近地层空气污染物臭氧浓度的迅速上升:从工业革命前低于10nL/L上升到现在的50nL/L(夏季每天8h平均),最新预测这一浓度将在2015-2050年增加20%-25%,...人类活动导致的大气和气候变化将极大地改变作物未来的生长环境,其中一个显著的变化就是近地层空气污染物臭氧浓度的迅速上升:从工业革命前低于10nL/L上升到现在的50nL/L(夏季每天8h平均),最新预测这一浓度将在2015-2050年增加20%-25%,本世纪末将增加40%-60%。目前大气背景臭氧浓度已经超过敏感植物的伤害阀值(即40nL/L),广泛地造成农作物减产,而未来臭氧浓度增加将使这种影响变得更为严重。与封闭式和开顶式试验相比,FACE(free-air gas concentration enrichment)研究使用标准的作物管理技术,在完全开放的农田条件下运行,代表了人类对未来大气环境的最好模拟。作为人类食物蛋白的重要来源,大豆是世界上种植面积最大的双子叶植物,也是1年生C3作物的模式作物,同时也被认为对臭氧污染最为敏感的作物之一。美国伊利诺伊大学的大豆FACE(SoyFACE)是世界上第1个利用FACE技术开展农作物对高浓度臭氧(模拟本世纪中叶近地层臭氧浓度)响应和适应的多学科合作研究。在阐述气室研究的局限性和介绍SoyFACE运行特点的基础上,首次综述了FACE情形下高浓度臭氧对大豆光合特性、冠层结构、物质生产与分配、产量及其构成因素以及虫害等方面的影响,并比较了FACE与气室研究结果的异同点。SoyFACE研究清楚地表明臭氧对未来粮食安全的影响必须作为一个重要的全球变化因子来加以考虑。利用FACE技术深入开展臭氧及其与其它全球变化因子的互作对世界主要粮食作物的影响、机制和调控的系统研究,是该领域未来优先考虑的方向。展开更多
文摘IPCC报告指出到本世纪中期全球大气CO2浓度将比目前的浓度增加50%。CO2浓度升高将影响大豆的生长及产量。有关大气CO2浓度对大豆影响的研究大多在温室或开顶式气室中进行的,利用FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)系统对大豆生长发育受CO2浓度升高影响的试验首次在中国进行,FACE圈中心的CO2浓度维持在(550±60)μmol·mol-1,对照浓度(389±40)μmo·lmol-1。这是继美国SoyFACE之后世界第二个利用FACE系统对大豆生长发育进行的研究,研究表明:大气CO2浓度升高提高了两个大豆品种全生育期的叶、茎、荚重及地上部分总重,收获后地上部分总干重平均提高52.30%;大豆叶面积对CO2浓度升高的响应存在品种差异,中黄35促进叶面积增加而中黄13抑制叶面积的增加。CO2浓度升高使鼓粒期大豆比叶重增加,中黄35比叶重增加23.08%到达显著水平。CO2浓度升高使大豆节数、分枝数、茎粗提高,特别是茎粗收获期中黄35增加7.18%,中黄13增加26.33%,均到达显著或极显著水平;大气CO2浓度升高使两个品种产量平均增加30.93%,产量的增加主要是由于CO2浓度升高提高了大豆单株荚数和百粒重。大气CO2浓度升高对大豆各器官占地上部分重量的比例影响不明显,对大豆收获指数的影响未达显著水平。大气CO2浓度升高对大豆的影响品种差异明显。结论与美国SoyFACE的研究结果基本一致,如FACE系统下大豆生物量、产量都较对照增高,但变化幅度较SoyFACE的结果高。
文摘研究大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆影响,有助于人们了解未来气候变化后绿豆生产的变化,以提前采取必要的应对措施趋利避害。本研究利用FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)系统在大田条件进行了绿豆生长发育及产量受CO2浓度升高影响的试验。结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高后,绿豆叶面积、株高、节数、茎粗增加;倒数第一完全展开叶叶面积增加6.1%～34.65%,倒数第二完全展开叶叶面积增加4.45%～43.64%;收获期,绿豆株高、节数、茎粗分别增加19.56%、8.24%、9.71%;绿豆叶片叶绿素含量则有下降的趋势,蕾期和花荚期,倒数第一片完全展开的叶片叶绿素含量分别下降1.53%、14.21%,花荚期,倒数第二片完全展开的叶片叶绿素含量下降7.06%;收获后单株地上部分生物量增加24.45%,单株籽粒产量增加13.87%,而收获指数则有下降趋势;产量的提高是由于单株有效荚数显著增加,而单荚粒数和百粒重变化不显著。未来大气CO2浓度升高将促进绿豆的生长发育,使绿豆地上部分生物量和产量增加。
文摘Impact of elevated CO2 (free air CO2 enrichment) was studied on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var Kundan) growth, yield and proteome. Elevated CO2 significantly impacted both underground (+24%) and aboveground (+15%) biomass. Grain weight/plant and harvest index were increased by 35% and 11.4%, respectively under high CO2. On the other hand, seed protein content was decreased by 19% under CO2 enrichment while seed starch and soluble sugar contents were increased by 8% and 23%, respectively. Wheat leaf proteomics revealed that 50 proteins were showing differential expression. Twenty proteins were more abundant while 30 were less abundant. Thirty two proteins were identified by MALDI TOF TOF. More abundant proteins were related to defense, photosynthesis, energy metabolism etc. While less abundant proteins were related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Wheat grain proteomics revealed that out of 49 differentially abundant proteins, 24 were more in abundance and 25 were less in abundance in wheat grains under eCO2 condition. Thirty three proteins were identified and functionally characterized. They were found to be involved mainly in carbon metabolism, storage, defence and proteolysis. Gluten proteins are the major component of wheat storage proteins. Our results showed that both high and low molecular weight glutenins were more in eCO2 wheat seeds while there was no change in gliadin evels. This might alter wheat dough strength. Concentration of grain Cr and As was increased at eCO2 while that of Fe, Cu, Zn and Se were found to be decreased. Dynamics of carbon utilization and metabolic abilities of soil microbes under eCO2 were significantly altered. Our study showed that altered wheat seed composition is cause for concern vis-à-vis nutrition and health and for industries which may have implications for agriculturally dominated country like India.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50301016 and 59971067)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2005037003).
文摘The maximum work principle of Bishop-Hill was developed to analyze the axisymmetric co-deformation in face-centered cubic crystals (f.c.c.) for twinning on {111} 112 and slip on {111} 110 systems. The influence of ξ , the ratio of critical re- solved shear stress for twinning to slip, on the yield stress states and corresponding active slip or/and twinning systems for orientations in the standard stereographic triangle of cubic crystal was investigated systematically. The Taylor factors and the anisotropy of yield strength for three important orientations [100], [110] and [111] in orientation space were analyzed. It is found that the yield strength asymmetry for the case of axisymmetric de- formation of tension and compression can be explained based on the microscopic theory of crystal plasticity. The concept of orientation factor for twinning ability was proposed and the deformation mechanism map in the orientation space was established for the case of axisymmetric deformation. The deformation texture formation and development of f.c.c. crystals with low stacking fault energy for axisymmetric tension can be explained qualita- tively on the basis of analyzed results.
文摘联合国政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)最新报告预测20世纪中叶全球大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度将由目前的381μmolmol-1至少上升到550μmolmol-1,CO2浓度不断升高将对世界粮食生产和安全产生深刻影响。与封闭和半封闭气室相比,FACE(FreeAir CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气中CO2浓度增高)技术平台,在完全开放的大田条件下运行,代表了人们对未来高CO2浓度环境的最好模拟。水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,在过去10a中(1998～2007年),全球有两个大型水稻FACE平台(直径12m)在运行,一个在温带地区的日本岩手,另一个在亚热带地区的中国江苏。以FACE研究为重点,系统收集和整理了高CO2浓度对水稻产量影响的研究进展,比较了FACE与各种气室研究结果的异同点,评估了CO2与生物(品种、病虫和杂草)和非生物因子(肥料、水分、温度和臭氧)的互作效应,提出了未来大气CO2浓度升高情形下水稻生产的适应策略,并讨论了该领域有待深入研究的方向。
文摘人类活动导致的大气和气候变化将极大地改变作物未来的生长环境,其中一个显著的变化就是近地层空气污染物臭氧浓度的迅速上升:从工业革命前低于10nL/L上升到现在的50nL/L(夏季每天8h平均),最新预测这一浓度将在2015-2050年增加20%-25%,本世纪末将增加40%-60%。目前大气背景臭氧浓度已经超过敏感植物的伤害阀值(即40nL/L),广泛地造成农作物减产,而未来臭氧浓度增加将使这种影响变得更为严重。与封闭式和开顶式试验相比,FACE(free-air gas concentration enrichment)研究使用标准的作物管理技术,在完全开放的农田条件下运行,代表了人类对未来大气环境的最好模拟。作为人类食物蛋白的重要来源,大豆是世界上种植面积最大的双子叶植物,也是1年生C3作物的模式作物,同时也被认为对臭氧污染最为敏感的作物之一。美国伊利诺伊大学的大豆FACE(SoyFACE)是世界上第1个利用FACE技术开展农作物对高浓度臭氧(模拟本世纪中叶近地层臭氧浓度)响应和适应的多学科合作研究。在阐述气室研究的局限性和介绍SoyFACE运行特点的基础上,首次综述了FACE情形下高浓度臭氧对大豆光合特性、冠层结构、物质生产与分配、产量及其构成因素以及虫害等方面的影响,并比较了FACE与气室研究结果的异同点。SoyFACE研究清楚地表明臭氧对未来粮食安全的影响必须作为一个重要的全球变化因子来加以考虑。利用FACE技术深入开展臭氧及其与其它全球变化因子的互作对世界主要粮食作物的影响、机制和调控的系统研究,是该领域未来优先考虑的方向。
