Recent genomic studies have highlighted the importance of hybridization and gene exchange in evolution. We ask what factors cause variation in the impact of hybridization, through adaptation in hybrids and the likelih...Recent genomic studies have highlighted the importance of hybridization and gene exchange in evolution. We ask what factors cause variation in the impact of hybridization, through adaptation in hybrids and the likelihood of hybrid speciation. During speciation, traits that diverge due to both divergent and stabilizing selection can contribute to the buildup of reproductive isolation. Divergent directional selection in parent taxa should lead to intermediate phenotypes in hybrids, whereas stabilizing se- lection can also produce extreme, transgressive phenotypes when hybridization occurs. By examining existing theory and em- pirical data, we discuss how these effects, combined with differences between modes of divergence in the chromosomal distribu- tion of incompatibilities, affect adaptation and speciation in hybrid populations. The result is a clear and testable set of predic- tions that can be used to examine hybrid adaptation and speciation. Stabilizing selection in parents increases transgression in hy- brids, increasing the possibility for novel adaptation. Divergent directional selection causes intermediate hybrid phenotypes and increases their ability to evolve along the direction of parental differentiation. Stabilizing selection biases incompatibilities to- wards autosomes, leading to reduced sexual correlations in trait values and reduced pleiotropy in hybrids, and hence increased freedom in the direction of evolution. Directional selection causes a bias towards sex-linked incompatibilities, with the opposite consequences. Divergence by directional selection leads to greater dominance effects than stabilizing selection, with major but variable impacts on hybrid evolution [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 675-685, 2013].展开更多
In this paper the author shows some artificial living systems, whose basic life characteristics are explored, especially the differentiation in evolution from single cellular to multi-cellular organism. In addition, t...In this paper the author shows some artificial living systems, whose basic life characteristics are explored, especially the differentiation in evolution from single cellular to multi-cellular organism. In addition, the author discusses diversity and evolvability also. The author gives a modified entropy function to measure the diversity. Finally, the author drops an open problem about the structure of "gene" of artificial living systems, so that we can measure the evolutionary order between the artificial living systems.展开更多
Autism and schizophrenia are of particular interest because new developments in genomic medicine address three aspects of the conditions that have been difficult, thus far, to resolve: their heterogeneity, from subcli...Autism and schizophrenia are of particular interest because new developments in genomic medicine address three aspects of the conditions that have been difficult, thus far, to resolve: their heterogeneity, from subclinical manifestations to disorders that are gravely disabling;the genetic basis for their high heritability;and the persistence of disorders in light of their high heritability but low reproductive success they convey. The origins of autism and schizophrenia, their persistence and heterogeneity can be understood by integrating information from genomic science, the social brain and the evolution of socialization, intelligence and language. Both conditions are associated with structural changes in the genome, specifically copy number variants. Such systemic mutations contribute to an unstable and mutable genome and have been especially notable during primate > hominid evolution. Along with mechanisms that affect gene expression, they contribute to a genome characterized by variability and evolvability. A dynamic and variable genome is reflected by a high degree of phenotypic variation. This, in turn, is reflected in the diversity of neurodevelopmental disorders, in particular autism and schizophrenia. Evolvability is more than a dispositional concept, it is a trait in its own right. In the special case of hominid evolution, evolvability has been both an independent and a dependent variable. Evolution of the modern human brain seems to have arisen during the cultivation of unstable regions in the genome that were conducive to a high degree of inter-individual and inter-generational variation. The consequence of even small aberrations in evolutionary processes and phenotypic variations is most likely to be manifest in the functions of the social brain: self-referential processing, perspective taking and the dual components of empathy;also language as well as intelligence itself. The trade-off is a dynamic genome that can rearrange itself in untoward ways and may be felt in one or more of the above functio展开更多
The aim of research on software architecture is to improve the quality attributes of software systems, such as security, reliability, maintainability, testability, reassembility, evolvability. However, a single runnin...The aim of research on software architecture is to improve the quality attributes of software systems, such as security, reliability, maintainability, testability, reassembility, evolvability. However, a single running system is hard to achieve all these goals. In this paper, software-cell is introduced as the basic unit throughout developing process. Then it is further advanced that a robust, safe and high-quality software system is composed of a running system and four supportive systems. This paper especially discusses the structure of software-cell, the construction of the five systems, and the relations between them.展开更多
In emergence of design, it is undoubted to be informed from nature for how things get done. But in architecture, the students are not used to start up with biological investigation. Instead of analogues, it is permitt...In emergence of design, it is undoubted to be informed from nature for how things get done. But in architecture, the students are not used to start up with biological investigation. Instead of analogues, it is permitted to pursue an evolvability systematics for built emerge. The systematics relies upon the key assumptions of Kirschner who sought the characteristics of biological evolution. For an integrated design thinking of an architectural mind, this is a methodological study, which strategically adapts living forms＇ evolvability capacity to built-forms＇ structural emergence. The study outlines the evolution strategy with experimental studios of building and design. The preceding systematic is taught in distinguished courses. It is purposed to build an easy-to-apply framework for how to generate novel structures and how the spatial structure units are organized to emerge with an imagined nature as novel tectonic model. Besides, building up structural thinking into the consilience of evolution strategy, the study is also distinguished for understanding the value system of architectural mind to diagnose the genuine character of inventive built form. Strategy constructs processes. Thinking strategy concludes by the evolvability directives of studio assignments and they are given as flow-charts and project models.展开更多
文摘Recent genomic studies have highlighted the importance of hybridization and gene exchange in evolution. We ask what factors cause variation in the impact of hybridization, through adaptation in hybrids and the likelihood of hybrid speciation. During speciation, traits that diverge due to both divergent and stabilizing selection can contribute to the buildup of reproductive isolation. Divergent directional selection in parent taxa should lead to intermediate phenotypes in hybrids, whereas stabilizing se- lection can also produce extreme, transgressive phenotypes when hybridization occurs. By examining existing theory and em- pirical data, we discuss how these effects, combined with differences between modes of divergence in the chromosomal distribu- tion of incompatibilities, affect adaptation and speciation in hybrid populations. The result is a clear and testable set of predic- tions that can be used to examine hybrid adaptation and speciation. Stabilizing selection in parents increases transgression in hy- brids, increasing the possibility for novel adaptation. Divergent directional selection causes intermediate hybrid phenotypes and increases their ability to evolve along the direction of parental differentiation. Stabilizing selection biases incompatibilities to- wards autosomes, leading to reduced sexual correlations in trait values and reduced pleiotropy in hybrids, and hence increased freedom in the direction of evolution. Directional selection causes a bias towards sex-linked incompatibilities, with the opposite consequences. Divergence by directional selection leads to greater dominance effects than stabilizing selection, with major but variable impacts on hybrid evolution [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 675-685, 2013].
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.69935020).
文摘In this paper the author shows some artificial living systems, whose basic life characteristics are explored, especially the differentiation in evolution from single cellular to multi-cellular organism. In addition, the author discusses diversity and evolvability also. The author gives a modified entropy function to measure the diversity. Finally, the author drops an open problem about the structure of "gene" of artificial living systems, so that we can measure the evolutionary order between the artificial living systems.
文摘Autism and schizophrenia are of particular interest because new developments in genomic medicine address three aspects of the conditions that have been difficult, thus far, to resolve: their heterogeneity, from subclinical manifestations to disorders that are gravely disabling;the genetic basis for their high heritability;and the persistence of disorders in light of their high heritability but low reproductive success they convey. The origins of autism and schizophrenia, their persistence and heterogeneity can be understood by integrating information from genomic science, the social brain and the evolution of socialization, intelligence and language. Both conditions are associated with structural changes in the genome, specifically copy number variants. Such systemic mutations contribute to an unstable and mutable genome and have been especially notable during primate > hominid evolution. Along with mechanisms that affect gene expression, they contribute to a genome characterized by variability and evolvability. A dynamic and variable genome is reflected by a high degree of phenotypic variation. This, in turn, is reflected in the diversity of neurodevelopmental disorders, in particular autism and schizophrenia. Evolvability is more than a dispositional concept, it is a trait in its own right. In the special case of hominid evolution, evolvability has been both an independent and a dependent variable. Evolution of the modern human brain seems to have arisen during the cultivation of unstable regions in the genome that were conducive to a high degree of inter-individual and inter-generational variation. The consequence of even small aberrations in evolutionary processes and phenotypic variations is most likely to be manifest in the functions of the social brain: self-referential processing, perspective taking and the dual components of empathy;also language as well as intelligence itself. The trade-off is a dynamic genome that can rearrange itself in untoward ways and may be felt in one or more of the above functio
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.70 0 73 0 2 2 )
文摘The aim of research on software architecture is to improve the quality attributes of software systems, such as security, reliability, maintainability, testability, reassembility, evolvability. However, a single running system is hard to achieve all these goals. In this paper, software-cell is introduced as the basic unit throughout developing process. Then it is further advanced that a robust, safe and high-quality software system is composed of a running system and four supportive systems. This paper especially discusses the structure of software-cell, the construction of the five systems, and the relations between them.
文摘In emergence of design, it is undoubted to be informed from nature for how things get done. But in architecture, the students are not used to start up with biological investigation. Instead of analogues, it is permitted to pursue an evolvability systematics for built emerge. The systematics relies upon the key assumptions of Kirschner who sought the characteristics of biological evolution. For an integrated design thinking of an architectural mind, this is a methodological study, which strategically adapts living forms＇ evolvability capacity to built-forms＇ structural emergence. The study outlines the evolution strategy with experimental studios of building and design. The preceding systematic is taught in distinguished courses. It is purposed to build an easy-to-apply framework for how to generate novel structures and how the spatial structure units are organized to emerge with an imagined nature as novel tectonic model. Besides, building up structural thinking into the consilience of evolution strategy, the study is also distinguished for understanding the value system of architectural mind to diagnose the genuine character of inventive built form. Strategy constructs processes. Thinking strategy concludes by the evolvability directives of studio assignments and they are given as flow-charts and project models.
