Investigations of modern volcanic eruptions have demonstrated that ancient volcanic eruptions widely involved water,which was thus named as hydrovolcanic eruptions. Hydrovolcanisms are distinctive in many aspects, suc...Investigations of modern volcanic eruptions have demonstrated that ancient volcanic eruptions widely involved water,which was thus named as hydrovolcanic eruptions. Hydrovolcanisms are distinctive in many aspects, such as dynamics,eruptive pattern, texture and structure of rock, and vesicularity. First, normal sediments covered directly by volcanic rocks are the indicators of eruption environments. In addition, microfeatures, special structures, lithofacies or facies associations,and geochemical index of volcanic rocks can also provide significant evidences. Moreover, perlitic texture, quenching fragmentation, surface feature, cementation type, vesicularity, and pillow structure, parallel bedding, large-scale low-angle cross-bedding, antidune cross-bedding of pyroclast are keys to indicating hydrovolcanisms. Clearly,these marks are not equally reliable for identifying eruption environments, and most of them are effective and convincible in limited applications only. For explosive eruptions, the most dependable identification marks include quenching textures, vesicularity in pyroclasts and special large-scale cross-bedding. However, for effusive eruptions,useful indicators mainly include pillow structure, peperite and facies associations. Condensation rate of magma,exsolution of volatile affected by eruptive settings and magma—water interaction, and quenching in hydrovolcanisms have an influence on formation and scale of primary pores, fractures and their evolution during diagenetic stage.Therefore, this review provides systematic identification marks for ancient hydrovolcanisms, and promotes understanding of the influence of eruptive environments on hydrocarbon reservoirs of volcanic rocks in oil-gas bearing sedimentary basins.展开更多
Peperites are special kinds of volcaniclastic materials generated by mingling of magma and unconsolidated sediments. They directly demonstrate the contemporaneity of volcanism and sedimentation, and hence they can be ...Peperites are special kinds of volcaniclastic materials generated by mingling of magma and unconsolidated sediments. They directly demonstrate the contemporaneity of volcanism and sedimentation, and hence they can be used to constrain the local paleoenvironments during volcanic eruptions. We identified peperites in the lower sequence of the northwest outcrops（Inggan-Kalpin area） of Permian Tarim large igneous province（TLIP）, Northwest China. In Inggan, blocky peperites were observed at the base of lava flows generated in the second eruption phase. This kind of peperites is generated by quenching of magma in a brittle fragmentation mechanism. While in Kalpin, both the second and the fourth eruption phases preserved peperites in the base of lava flows. Not only blocky but also fluidal peperites can be observed in Kalpin. The fluidal peperites were generated in vapor films, which insulated the magmas from cold sediments and avoided direct thermal shock, and therefore kept the fluidal forms of magma. All of these peperites are hosted by submarine carbonates. In lava sequences generated in the same eruption phases but located in Kaipaizileike, ~15 km east to Inggan, terrestrial flood basalts developed while peperites are absent, implying a paleoenvironmental transition between Kaipaizileike and Inggan-Kalpin area. Gathering information from observed peperites, TLIP lava flows, and the Lower Permian sedimentary strata, we precisely constrained the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of sedimentary facies of the early stage of TLIP. As a result, two marine transgressions were identified. The first transgression occurred contemporaneous with the second eruption phase. The transition from submarine to subaerial is located between Kaipaizileike and Inggan. The second transgression occurred contemporaneous with the forth eruption phase, and the transition from submarine to subaerial occurred between Inggan and Kalpin.展开更多
A breakthrough has been recently made in the hydrocarbon exploration of the Permian pyroclastic rocks in the Jianyang Area,western Sichuan Basin,China.With an aim to decipher the impacts of the eruption environment,th...A breakthrough has been recently made in the hydrocarbon exploration of the Permian pyroclastic rocks in the Jianyang Area,western Sichuan Basin,China.With an aim to decipher the impacts of the eruption environment,the temperature of hydrothermal fluids,and the paleo-salinity on the formation of authigenic mineral assemblage and pores,this study implements comprehensive petrographic and geochemical studies through the integrated core and thin section analyses.The data presented demonstrate that the Permian volcanic intervals are intensively affected by an event of Emei taphrogeny.During basaltic magma upward migration,fractional crystallization of anorthose results in slightlyalkaline magma.The specific pyroclastic rocks are formed by the eruption of slightly-alkaline magma in the sea or a salt lake and subsequent hydrothermal alteration.During deposition and diagenesis,the authigenic mineral association is constrained jointly by the sodium-rich and high salinity water environment,and mid-high temperature,high-salinity hydrothermal fluid.Specifically,the sodium-rich hydrothermal fluid,which may sustain till the late diagenesis stage,caused pervasive albitization of pyroclastic rocks,then leading to mineral transformation and formation of a series of mineral associations.Therefore,zeolitization of volcanic glass and vesicle-infillings of zeolite is an essential condition for later mineral transformation and dissolution.Albitization of analcite,recrystallization induced by deep hydrothermal fluids,and both meteoric and deep burial dissolution expanding the micro-pore space ultimately formed porous pyroclastic reservoirs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 41172104 and No. 41372117)the National Science and Technology Major Project (Grants No. 2017ZX05009-002 and No. 2016ZX05026-007)
文摘Investigations of modern volcanic eruptions have demonstrated that ancient volcanic eruptions widely involved water,which was thus named as hydrovolcanic eruptions. Hydrovolcanisms are distinctive in many aspects, such as dynamics,eruptive pattern, texture and structure of rock, and vesicularity. First, normal sediments covered directly by volcanic rocks are the indicators of eruption environments. In addition, microfeatures, special structures, lithofacies or facies associations,and geochemical index of volcanic rocks can also provide significant evidences. Moreover, perlitic texture, quenching fragmentation, surface feature, cementation type, vesicularity, and pillow structure, parallel bedding, large-scale low-angle cross-bedding, antidune cross-bedding of pyroclast are keys to indicating hydrovolcanisms. Clearly,these marks are not equally reliable for identifying eruption environments, and most of them are effective and convincible in limited applications only. For explosive eruptions, the most dependable identification marks include quenching textures, vesicularity in pyroclasts and special large-scale cross-bedding. However, for effusive eruptions,useful indicators mainly include pillow structure, peperite and facies associations. Condensation rate of magma,exsolution of volatile affected by eruptive settings and magma—water interaction, and quenching in hydrovolcanisms have an influence on formation and scale of primary pores, fractures and their evolution during diagenetic stage.Therefore, this review provides systematic identification marks for ancient hydrovolcanisms, and promotes understanding of the influence of eruptive environments on hydrocarbon reservoirs of volcanic rocks in oil-gas bearing sedimentary basins.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41272239)the State Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2011ZX05009-001)
文摘Peperites are special kinds of volcaniclastic materials generated by mingling of magma and unconsolidated sediments. They directly demonstrate the contemporaneity of volcanism and sedimentation, and hence they can be used to constrain the local paleoenvironments during volcanic eruptions. We identified peperites in the lower sequence of the northwest outcrops（Inggan-Kalpin area） of Permian Tarim large igneous province（TLIP）, Northwest China. In Inggan, blocky peperites were observed at the base of lava flows generated in the second eruption phase. This kind of peperites is generated by quenching of magma in a brittle fragmentation mechanism. While in Kalpin, both the second and the fourth eruption phases preserved peperites in the base of lava flows. Not only blocky but also fluidal peperites can be observed in Kalpin. The fluidal peperites were generated in vapor films, which insulated the magmas from cold sediments and avoided direct thermal shock, and therefore kept the fluidal forms of magma. All of these peperites are hosted by submarine carbonates. In lava sequences generated in the same eruption phases but located in Kaipaizileike, ~15 km east to Inggan, terrestrial flood basalts developed while peperites are absent, implying a paleoenvironmental transition between Kaipaizileike and Inggan-Kalpin area. Gathering information from observed peperites, TLIP lava flows, and the Lower Permian sedimentary strata, we precisely constrained the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of sedimentary facies of the early stage of TLIP. As a result, two marine transgressions were identified. The first transgression occurred contemporaneous with the second eruption phase. The transition from submarine to subaerial is located between Kaipaizileike and Inggan. The second transgression occurred contemporaneous with the forth eruption phase, and the transition from submarine to subaerial occurred between Inggan and Kalpin.
基金This work was granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41202109)the National Major Science and Technology Projects of China(Grant No.2016ZX05007004001)+1 种基金the Innovation Foundation of PetroChina Carbonate Key laboratory(RIPED-HZDZY-2019-JS-695)the China Scholarship Council.Thanks are expressed to our colleagues involved in igneous rocks researching in the Sichuan Basin,as well as to several anonymous reviewers from which this article has benefited.
文摘A breakthrough has been recently made in the hydrocarbon exploration of the Permian pyroclastic rocks in the Jianyang Area,western Sichuan Basin,China.With an aim to decipher the impacts of the eruption environment,the temperature of hydrothermal fluids,and the paleo-salinity on the formation of authigenic mineral assemblage and pores,this study implements comprehensive petrographic and geochemical studies through the integrated core and thin section analyses.The data presented demonstrate that the Permian volcanic intervals are intensively affected by an event of Emei taphrogeny.During basaltic magma upward migration,fractional crystallization of anorthose results in slightlyalkaline magma.The specific pyroclastic rocks are formed by the eruption of slightly-alkaline magma in the sea or a salt lake and subsequent hydrothermal alteration.During deposition and diagenesis,the authigenic mineral association is constrained jointly by the sodium-rich and high salinity water environment,and mid-high temperature,high-salinity hydrothermal fluid.Specifically,the sodium-rich hydrothermal fluid,which may sustain till the late diagenesis stage,caused pervasive albitization of pyroclastic rocks,then leading to mineral transformation and formation of a series of mineral associations.Therefore,zeolitization of volcanic glass and vesicle-infillings of zeolite is an essential condition for later mineral transformation and dissolution.Albitization of analcite,recrystallization induced by deep hydrothermal fluids,and both meteoric and deep burial dissolution expanding the micro-pore space ultimately formed porous pyroclastic reservoirs.
