For a class of real fifth system, the first 8 singular point quantities of the origin and the first 6 singular point quantities of the equator are obtained, and at the same time, the two highest-order cases are proved...For a class of real fifth system, the first 8 singular point quantities of the origin and the first 6 singular point quantities of the equator are obtained, and at the same time, the two highest-order cases are proved respectively. Moreover, the problems of stability and limit cycle bifurcated from the origin and the equator are studied comparatively, then some better results are obtained.展开更多
It is verified that the Nebula Hypothesis is applicable to the Solar System by way of a straightforward generalization of Kepler’s third law which also confirms that angular momentum transport is achieved by way of t...It is verified that the Nebula Hypothesis is applicable to the Solar System by way of a straightforward generalization of Kepler’s third law which also confirms that angular momentum transport is achieved by way of the self-gravity of the protoplanetary disk itself as it coalesces into planetesimals. The masses of the planets may then be approximately determined (within 10% error, for three planets) by way of this methodology, using the radius as well as the rate of rotation of the particular planet being considered. This would only be possible, not only in light of the Nebula Hypothesis, but also due to angular momentum transport (as these three planets most ideally express the expectations of angular momentum conservation from the protoplanetary disk). Also in this regard, the rotation of the Sun at its equator is discussed as it is found to be closely related to the planetary issue as it pertains to the evolution and structure of the body. A modified technique from that used in planetary study is then applied to the Galaxy for the purpose of the calculation of dark matter mass, presupposes treating the Galaxy as a homogeneous sphere (of dark matter) that is rotating. The model provides clear evidence of not only flat rotation-curves, but also the lack of centrifugal ejection of stars from galaxies as well as the configuration of the arms of spiral galaxies, along with a sound basis for black hole creation at the center of spiral galaxies.展开更多
In this part, the temporal evolution and interaction across the equator of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere are investigated further. The annual variation of 30-50 day oscillation is quite obvious in the mid-h... In this part, the temporal evolution and interaction across the equator of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere are investigated further. The annual variation of 30-50 day oscillation is quite obvious in the mid-high latitudes. In the tropical atmosphere, the obvious interannual variation is an important property for temporal evolution of 30-50 day oscillation. The low-frequency wavetrain across the equator over the central Pacific and central Atlantic area, the movement of the long-lived low-frequency system across the equator and the meridional wind component across the equator will obviously show the interaction of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere across the equator.展开更多
Is the westerly rotation of the lithosphere an ephemeral accidental recent phenomenon or is it a stable process of Earth's geodynamics? The reason why the tidal drag has been questioned as the mechanism determinin...Is the westerly rotation of the lithosphere an ephemeral accidental recent phenomenon or is it a stable process of Earth's geodynamics? The reason why the tidal drag has been questioned as the mechanism determining the lithospheric shift relative to the underlying mantle is the apparent too high viscosity of the asthenosphere. However, plate boundaries asymmetries are a robust indication of the 'westerly'decoupling of the entire Earth's outer lithospheric shell and new studies support lower viscosities in the low-velocity layer(LVZ) atop the asthenosphere. Since the solid Earth tide oscillation is longer in one side relative to the other due to the contemporaneous Moon's revolution, we demonstrate that a non-linear rheological behavior is expected in the lithosphere mantle interplay. This may provide a sort of ratchet favoring lowering of the LVZ viscosity under shear, allowing decoupling in the LVZ and triggering the westerly motion of the lithosphere relative to the mantle.展开更多
A one-dimensional photochemical model with parameterized vertical eddy diffusion is used to simulate the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the marine atmospheric boundary layer near the equator. The boundary condition of theD...A one-dimensional photochemical model with parameterized vertical eddy diffusion is used to simulate the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the marine atmospheric boundary layer near the equator. The boundary condition of theDMS flux over sea surface is assigned from gas exchange models that deped on sea surface wind speed and DMS concentration in surface water. Photolysis rates at various altitudes are calculated as a function of Solar zenith angle, andthe radiation calculation includes ozone absorption,surface reflection and molecular scattering.The simulated results of the DMS diurnal cycle are in good agreement with the observations. Sensitivity tests ofthe model indicate that the concentration of the DMS in the marine surface layer appears to be affected by a combination of chemical processes and meteorological conditions. In addition, photochemical processes are rather important.The reaction of the DMS with OH radical, the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 and the deposition of NSS-SO andthe methanesulfonic acid (MSA) are critical factors of controlling the DMS, SO2, NSS-SO and the MSA concentrations and distributions in the atmosphere.The DMS concentration in air is directly proportional to surface windspeed, but it is inversely proportional to boundary layer height in the convective boundary layer. The distributions ofthe DMS concentrations in air are strongly influenced by atmospheric stratification in stable conditions.展开更多
AIM: To identify standards, how entities of dental status are assessed and reported from full-arch radiographs of adults. METHODS: A Pub Med(Medline) search was performed in November 2011. Literature had to report at ...AIM: To identify standards, how entities of dental status are assessed and reported from full-arch radiographs of adults. METHODS: A Pub Med(Medline) search was performed in November 2011. Literature had to report at least one out of four defined entities using radiographs:number of teeth or implants; caries, fillings or restorations; root-canal fillings and apical health; alveolar bone level. Cohorts included to the study had to be of adult age. Methods of radiographic assessment were noted and checked for the later mode of report in text, tables or diagrams. For comparability, the encountered modeof report was operationalized to a logical expression.RESULTS: Thirty-seven out of 199 articles were evaluated via full-text review. Only one article reported all four entities. Eight articles reported at the maximum 3 comparable entities. However, comparability is impeded because of the usage of absolute or relative frequency, mean or median values as well as grouping. Furthermore the methods of assessment were different or not described sufficiently. Consequently, established sum scores turned out to be highly questionable, too. The amount of missing data within all studies remained unclear. It is even so remissed to mention supernumerary and aplased teeth as well as the count of third molars.CONCLUSION: Data about dental findings from radiographs is, if at all possible, only comparable with serious limitations. A standardization of both, assessing and reporting entities of dental status from radiographs is missing and has to be established within a report guideline.展开更多
In this study, we performed some filters to highlight geological structures and/or features which are found in the igneous rocks, between the latitudes 9°45'N to 10°45'N and longitudes 13°15'...In this study, we performed some filters to highlight geological structures and/or features which are found in the igneous rocks, between the latitudes 9°45'N to 10°45'N and longitudes 13°15'E to 14°30'E. The application of the first vertical derivative (FVD) and the horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM) on a total magnetic data over the study area has led to put in evidence: 1) geological features as geological boundaries, faults, dykes, folds on the FVD map;2) abundant aeromagnetic lineaments probably fractures, dykes and contacts, ex-hibit a conjugate relationship suggesting a near NE and NW tectonic trends;3) existence of a possible prominent near E-W compression, characterized by a possible dextral displacement of geological formations by the shear movements;4) and the magnetic signature of the country rocks.展开更多
In this paper, the spreading way in the southern hemisphere that anomalous warm water piled in tropical eastern Pacific is analysed and then impact of El Nino on the variability of the Antarctic sea ice extent is inve...In this paper, the spreading way in the southern hemisphere that anomalous warm water piled in tropical eastern Pacific is analysed and then impact of El Nino on the variability of the Antarctic sea ice extent is investigated by using a dataset from 1970 to 2002. The analysis result show that in El Nino event the anomalous warm water piled in tropical eastern Pacific is poleward propagation yet the westward propagation along southern equator current hasn't been discovered . The poleward propagation time of the anomalous warm water is about 1 year or so. El Nino event has a close relationship with the sea ice extent in the Amundsen sea , Bellingshausen sea and Antarctic peninsula .After El Nino appears , there is a lag of two years that the sea ice in the Amundsen sea , Bellingshausea sea, especially in the Antarctic peninsula decreases obviously. The processes that El Nino has influence with Antarctic sea ice extent is the warm water piled in tropical eastern Pacific poleward propagation along off the coast of southern America and cause the anomalous temperature raise in near pole and then lead the sea ice in Amundsen sea , Bellingshausen sea and Antarctic peninsula to decrease where the obvious decrease of the sea ice since 80' decade has close relation to the frequently appearance of El Nino .展开更多
By using OLR monthly average data which was observed by American NOAA satellite and 500 hPa ω monthly average data of NCEP reanalysis,the indexes which represented the equatorial longitudinal circulation characterist...By using OLR monthly average data which was observed by American NOAA satellite and 500 hPa ω monthly average data of NCEP reanalysis,the indexes which represented the equatorial longitudinal circulation characteristics were defined. According to the intensity,scope and distribution characteristics of longitudinal circulation in the tropical equator area,the indexes which represented the intensity,position and scope climate characteristics of longitudinal circulation in the equatorial Pacific Ocean were diagnosed and studied. The results showed that the annual variation and interannual variation characteristics of Walker circulation in east-west direction in the equatorial Pacific Ocean were that the intensity and scope existed 5 and 15-16 years oscillatory periods,and the position had 4,12 years oscillatory periods.展开更多
Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on...Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.展开更多
Critical frequency foF2 long-term trends at Dakar station (14.4°N, 342.74°E) located near the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly EIA, are analysed taking into account geomagnetic activity, increasing...Critical frequency foF2 long-term trends at Dakar station (14.4°N, 342.74°E) located near the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly EIA, are analysed taking into account geomagnetic activity, increasing greenhouse gases concentration and Earth’s magnetic field secular variation. After filtering solar activity effect using F10.7 as a solar activity proxy, we determined the relative residual trends slopes <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> values for three different levels of geomagnetic activity. For example, at 1200 LT, the value of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> goes from -</span><span>0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.27%/year for very magnetically quiet days to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.19%/year for magnetically quiet days and to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.13%/year for all days. It appears from the slopes </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> obtained, that they increase with the level of geomagnetic activity and their negative values are qualitatively consistent with the expected decreasing trend due to the increase in greenhouse gases concentration but are greater than 0.003%/year which would result from a 20% increase in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emissions which actually took place during the analysis period. Regarding Earth’s magnetic field magnitude, B secular variation and the dip equator secular movement</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Dakar station is located near the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly, Earth’s magnetic field magnitude, B decreases there and the trough approaches the position of Dakar during the period of analysis. These two phenomena induce a decrease in foF2 which is in agreement with 展开更多
文摘For a class of real fifth system, the first 8 singular point quantities of the origin and the first 6 singular point quantities of the equator are obtained, and at the same time, the two highest-order cases are proved respectively. Moreover, the problems of stability and limit cycle bifurcated from the origin and the equator are studied comparatively, then some better results are obtained.
文摘It is verified that the Nebula Hypothesis is applicable to the Solar System by way of a straightforward generalization of Kepler’s third law which also confirms that angular momentum transport is achieved by way of the self-gravity of the protoplanetary disk itself as it coalesces into planetesimals. The masses of the planets may then be approximately determined (within 10% error, for three planets) by way of this methodology, using the radius as well as the rate of rotation of the particular planet being considered. This would only be possible, not only in light of the Nebula Hypothesis, but also due to angular momentum transport (as these three planets most ideally express the expectations of angular momentum conservation from the protoplanetary disk). Also in this regard, the rotation of the Sun at its equator is discussed as it is found to be closely related to the planetary issue as it pertains to the evolution and structure of the body. A modified technique from that used in planetary study is then applied to the Galaxy for the purpose of the calculation of dark matter mass, presupposes treating the Galaxy as a homogeneous sphere (of dark matter) that is rotating. The model provides clear evidence of not only flat rotation-curves, but also the lack of centrifugal ejection of stars from galaxies as well as the configuration of the arms of spiral galaxies, along with a sound basis for black hole creation at the center of spiral galaxies.
基金This study was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘 In this part, the temporal evolution and interaction across the equator of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere are investigated further. The annual variation of 30-50 day oscillation is quite obvious in the mid-high latitudes. In the tropical atmosphere, the obvious interannual variation is an important property for temporal evolution of 30-50 day oscillation. The low-frequency wavetrain across the equator over the central Pacific and central Atlantic area, the movement of the long-lived low-frequency system across the equator and the meridional wind component across the equator will obviously show the interaction of 30-50 day oscillation in the atmosphere across the equator.
文摘Is the westerly rotation of the lithosphere an ephemeral accidental recent phenomenon or is it a stable process of Earth's geodynamics? The reason why the tidal drag has been questioned as the mechanism determining the lithospheric shift relative to the underlying mantle is the apparent too high viscosity of the asthenosphere. However, plate boundaries asymmetries are a robust indication of the 'westerly'decoupling of the entire Earth's outer lithospheric shell and new studies support lower viscosities in the low-velocity layer(LVZ) atop the asthenosphere. Since the solid Earth tide oscillation is longer in one side relative to the other due to the contemporaneous Moon's revolution, we demonstrate that a non-linear rheological behavior is expected in the lithosphere mantle interplay. This may provide a sort of ratchet favoring lowering of the LVZ viscosity under shear, allowing decoupling in the LVZ and triggering the westerly motion of the lithosphere relative to the mantle.
文摘A one-dimensional photochemical model with parameterized vertical eddy diffusion is used to simulate the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the marine atmospheric boundary layer near the equator. The boundary condition of theDMS flux over sea surface is assigned from gas exchange models that deped on sea surface wind speed and DMS concentration in surface water. Photolysis rates at various altitudes are calculated as a function of Solar zenith angle, andthe radiation calculation includes ozone absorption,surface reflection and molecular scattering.The simulated results of the DMS diurnal cycle are in good agreement with the observations. Sensitivity tests ofthe model indicate that the concentration of the DMS in the marine surface layer appears to be affected by a combination of chemical processes and meteorological conditions. In addition, photochemical processes are rather important.The reaction of the DMS with OH radical, the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 and the deposition of NSS-SO andthe methanesulfonic acid (MSA) are critical factors of controlling the DMS, SO2, NSS-SO and the MSA concentrations and distributions in the atmosphere.The DMS concentration in air is directly proportional to surface windspeed, but it is inversely proportional to boundary layer height in the convective boundary layer. The distributions ofthe DMS concentrations in air are strongly influenced by atmospheric stratification in stable conditions.
基金Supported by The"Walter and Anna Koerner-Scholarship"as part of the Land of Baden-Wurttemberg’s Dentists Chamber(Stuttgart,Germany)within the cooperation of Tuebingen University and Peking University Dental Schoolsby Mrs.Barbara Welder of Dental Clinics Library at Eberhard-Karls-University(Tuebingen,Germany)by Lucas M Leister for English proofreading
文摘AIM: To identify standards, how entities of dental status are assessed and reported from full-arch radiographs of adults. METHODS: A Pub Med(Medline) search was performed in November 2011. Literature had to report at least one out of four defined entities using radiographs:number of teeth or implants; caries, fillings or restorations; root-canal fillings and apical health; alveolar bone level. Cohorts included to the study had to be of adult age. Methods of radiographic assessment were noted and checked for the later mode of report in text, tables or diagrams. For comparability, the encountered modeof report was operationalized to a logical expression.RESULTS: Thirty-seven out of 199 articles were evaluated via full-text review. Only one article reported all four entities. Eight articles reported at the maximum 3 comparable entities. However, comparability is impeded because of the usage of absolute or relative frequency, mean or median values as well as grouping. Furthermore the methods of assessment were different or not described sufficiently. Consequently, established sum scores turned out to be highly questionable, too. The amount of missing data within all studies remained unclear. It is even so remissed to mention supernumerary and aplased teeth as well as the count of third molars.CONCLUSION: Data about dental findings from radiographs is, if at all possible, only comparable with serious limitations. A standardization of both, assessing and reporting entities of dental status from radiographs is missing and has to be established within a report guideline.
文摘In this study, we performed some filters to highlight geological structures and/or features which are found in the igneous rocks, between the latitudes 9°45'N to 10°45'N and longitudes 13°15'E to 14°30'E. The application of the first vertical derivative (FVD) and the horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM) on a total magnetic data over the study area has led to put in evidence: 1) geological features as geological boundaries, faults, dykes, folds on the FVD map;2) abundant aeromagnetic lineaments probably fractures, dykes and contacts, ex-hibit a conjugate relationship suggesting a near NE and NW tectonic trends;3) existence of a possible prominent near E-W compression, characterized by a possible dextral displacement of geological formations by the shear movements;4) and the magnetic signature of the country rocks.
文摘In this paper, the spreading way in the southern hemisphere that anomalous warm water piled in tropical eastern Pacific is analysed and then impact of El Nino on the variability of the Antarctic sea ice extent is investigated by using a dataset from 1970 to 2002. The analysis result show that in El Nino event the anomalous warm water piled in tropical eastern Pacific is poleward propagation yet the westward propagation along southern equator current hasn't been discovered . The poleward propagation time of the anomalous warm water is about 1 year or so. El Nino event has a close relationship with the sea ice extent in the Amundsen sea , Bellingshausen sea and Antarctic peninsula .After El Nino appears , there is a lag of two years that the sea ice in the Amundsen sea , Bellingshausea sea, especially in the Antarctic peninsula decreases obviously. The processes that El Nino has influence with Antarctic sea ice extent is the warm water piled in tropical eastern Pacific poleward propagation along off the coast of southern America and cause the anomalous temperature raise in near pole and then lead the sea ice in Amundsen sea , Bellingshausen sea and Antarctic peninsula to decrease where the obvious decrease of the sea ice since 80' decade has close relation to the frequently appearance of El Nino .
文摘By using OLR monthly average data which was observed by American NOAA satellite and 500 hPa ω monthly average data of NCEP reanalysis,the indexes which represented the equatorial longitudinal circulation characteristics were defined. According to the intensity,scope and distribution characteristics of longitudinal circulation in the tropical equator area,the indexes which represented the intensity,position and scope climate characteristics of longitudinal circulation in the equatorial Pacific Ocean were diagnosed and studied. The results showed that the annual variation and interannual variation characteristics of Walker circulation in east-west direction in the equatorial Pacific Ocean were that the intensity and scope existed 5 and 15-16 years oscillatory periods,and the position had 4,12 years oscillatory periods.
文摘Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.
文摘Critical frequency foF2 long-term trends at Dakar station (14.4°N, 342.74°E) located near the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly EIA, are analysed taking into account geomagnetic activity, increasing greenhouse gases concentration and Earth’s magnetic field secular variation. After filtering solar activity effect using F10.7 as a solar activity proxy, we determined the relative residual trends slopes <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> values for three different levels of geomagnetic activity. For example, at 1200 LT, the value of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> goes from -</span><span>0</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.27%/year for very magnetically quiet days to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.19%/year for magnetically quiet days and to <span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;">-</span>0.13%/year for all days. It appears from the slopes </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> obtained, that they increase with the level of geomagnetic activity and their negative values are qualitatively consistent with the expected decreasing trend due to the increase in greenhouse gases concentration but are greater than 0.003%/year which would result from a 20% increase in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emissions which actually took place during the analysis period. Regarding Earth’s magnetic field magnitude, B secular variation and the dip equator secular movement</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Dakar station is located near the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly, Earth’s magnetic field magnitude, B decreases there and the trough approaches the position of Dakar during the period of analysis. These two phenomena induce a decrease in foF2 which is in agreement with
