Objective: The width of the photopeak energy window influences the image quality and quantitative accuracy of gamma camera imaging. We compared 20% and 15% energy windows in renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-mercaptoacety...Objective: The width of the photopeak energy window influences the image quality and quantitative accuracy of gamma camera imaging. We compared 20% and 15% energy windows in renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3), especially in terms of camera-based quantitative estimation of renal function. Materials and Methods: Forty patients who underwent dynamic renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-MAG3 were enrolled in this study. Images were acquired simultaneously using two energy windows centered at 140 keV and with widths of 20% and 15%. Fractional renal uptake was calculated as the ratio of initial renal uptake estimated by patient imaging to injected dose estimated by syringe imaging, and was converted to MAG3 clearance using an empirical equation determined previously from data obtained with a 20% energy window. Relative function of the right kidney was also assessed. Visual evaluation was performed to compare image quality between the 20% and 15% energy windows. Results: Both total kidney MAG3 clearance and relative function of the right kidney were identical between the 20% and 15% energy windows. Image quality was also similar irrespective of the energy window width. Conclusions: The camera-based method established using a 20% energy window is applicable for the estimation of renal function using a 15% energy window, and data obtained using 20% and 15% windows are interchangeable.展开更多
PN (Pseudo-Noise) code tracking is the most challenging task in a Direct Sequence Spread Code Division Multiplex Access (DS-CDMA) for celluar mobile communication systems. In this paper, the gravity of energy windows ...PN (Pseudo-Noise) code tracking is the most challenging task in a Direct Sequence Spread Code Division Multiplex Access (DS-CDMA) for celluar mobile communication systems. In this paper, the gravity of energy windows (GEW) tracking loop of the time and frequency uncertainty of the received signal is investigated, and the GEW’s analytical results in a multi-path fading channel are introduced. GEW tracking loop exploits the inherent multi-path diversity of the channel, and has better performance than single-path one when working in multi-path fading environment.展开更多
文摘Objective: The width of the photopeak energy window influences the image quality and quantitative accuracy of gamma camera imaging. We compared 20% and 15% energy windows in renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3), especially in terms of camera-based quantitative estimation of renal function. Materials and Methods: Forty patients who underwent dynamic renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-MAG3 were enrolled in this study. Images were acquired simultaneously using two energy windows centered at 140 keV and with widths of 20% and 15%. Fractional renal uptake was calculated as the ratio of initial renal uptake estimated by patient imaging to injected dose estimated by syringe imaging, and was converted to MAG3 clearance using an empirical equation determined previously from data obtained with a 20% energy window. Relative function of the right kidney was also assessed. Visual evaluation was performed to compare image quality between the 20% and 15% energy windows. Results: Both total kidney MAG3 clearance and relative function of the right kidney were identical between the 20% and 15% energy windows. Image quality was also similar irrespective of the energy window width. Conclusions: The camera-based method established using a 20% energy window is applicable for the estimation of renal function using a 15% energy window, and data obtained using 20% and 15% windows are interchangeable.
文摘PN (Pseudo-Noise) code tracking is the most challenging task in a Direct Sequence Spread Code Division Multiplex Access (DS-CDMA) for celluar mobile communication systems. In this paper, the gravity of energy windows (GEW) tracking loop of the time and frequency uncertainty of the received signal is investigated, and the GEW’s analytical results in a multi-path fading channel are introduced. GEW tracking loop exploits the inherent multi-path diversity of the channel, and has better performance than single-path one when working in multi-path fading environment.
