We present and propose a complete and iterative integrated-circuit and electro-magnetic（EM） co-design methodology and procedure for a low-voltage sub-1 GHz class-E PA.The presented class-E PA consists of the onchip ...We present and propose a complete and iterative integrated-circuit and electro-magnetic（EM） co-design methodology and procedure for a low-voltage sub-1 GHz class-E PA.The presented class-E PA consists of the onchip power transistor,the on-chip gate driving circuits,the off-chip tunable LC load network and the off-chip LC ladder low pass filter.The design methodology includes an explicit design equation based circuit components values＇ analysis and numerical derivation,output power targeted transistor size and low pass filter design,and power efficiency oriented design optimization.The proposed design procedure includes the power efficiency oriented LC network tuning,the detailed circuit/EM co-simulation plan on integrated circuit level,package level and PCB level to ensure an accurate simulation to measurement match and first pass design success.The proposed PA is targeted to achieve more than 15 dBm output power delivery and 40% power efficiency at 433 MHz frequency band with 1.5 V low voltage supply.The LC load network is designed to be off-chip for the purpose of easy tuning and optimization.The same circuit can be extended to all sub-1 GHz applications with the same tuning and optimization on the load network at different frequencies.The amplifier is implemented in 0.13 μm CMOS technology with a core area occupation of 400 μm by 300 μm.Measurement results showed that it provided power delivery of 16.42 dBm at antenna with efficiency of 40.6%.A harmonics suppression of 44 dBc is achieved,making it suitable for massive deployment of IoT devices.展开更多
碳交易机制下,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)聚合分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)参与电力市场(electricity market,EM)交易有助于新能源消纳与提升环境效益。为此,首先,构建风电、光伏、可控分布式电源、储能及柔性...碳交易机制下,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)聚合分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)参与电力市场(electricity market,EM)交易有助于新能源消纳与提升环境效益。为此,首先,构建风电、光伏、可控分布式电源、储能及柔性负荷的多主体VPP模型,并制定各主体参与电能量市场(electric energy market,EEM)和调峰市场(peak regulating market,PRM)竞标策略。通过EEM及PRM算例展现了VPP参与调峰竞标实现VPP效益最大化及各DER成员利益的合理分配。其次,引入碳交易机制,分析碳交易价格变化与风光消纳率、碳排放量及VPP收益之间的关联性。最后,进一步探索碳汇资源交易对电力价格、产量及能源需求变化率的影响,为碳汇价值的生态保护补偿机制提供依据,也为电−碳市场协同下碳市场(carbon market,CM)对EM的价格传导效应及CM价格机制的优化设计提供参考。展开更多
In underwater applications of contactless power transmission(CLPT) systems,high pressure and noncoaxial operations will change the parameters of electromagnetic(EM) couplers.As a result,the system will divert from its...In underwater applications of contactless power transmission(CLPT) systems,high pressure and noncoaxial operations will change the parameters of electromagnetic(EM) couplers.As a result,the system will divert from its optimum performance.Using a reluctance modeling method,we investigated the gap effects on the EM coupler in deep-sea environment.Calculations and measurements were performed to analyze the influence of high pressure and noncoaxial alignments on the coupler.It was shown that it is useful to set a relatively large gap between cores to reduce the influence of pressure.Experiments were carried out to verify the transferring capacity of the designed coupler and system for a fixed frequency.The results showed that an EM coupler with a large gap can serve a stable and efficient power transmission for the CLPT system.The designed system can transfer more than 400 W electrical power with a 2-mm gap in the EM coupler,and the efficiency was up to 90% coaxially and 87% non-coaxially in 40 MPa salt water.Finally,a mechanical layout of a 400 W EM coupler for the underwater application in 4000-m deep sea was proposed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61574125)the Industry Innovation Project of Suzhou City of China(No.SYG201641)
文摘We present and propose a complete and iterative integrated-circuit and electro-magnetic（EM） co-design methodology and procedure for a low-voltage sub-1 GHz class-E PA.The presented class-E PA consists of the onchip power transistor,the on-chip gate driving circuits,the off-chip tunable LC load network and the off-chip LC ladder low pass filter.The design methodology includes an explicit design equation based circuit components values＇ analysis and numerical derivation,output power targeted transistor size and low pass filter design,and power efficiency oriented design optimization.The proposed design procedure includes the power efficiency oriented LC network tuning,the detailed circuit/EM co-simulation plan on integrated circuit level,package level and PCB level to ensure an accurate simulation to measurement match and first pass design success.The proposed PA is targeted to achieve more than 15 dBm output power delivery and 40% power efficiency at 433 MHz frequency band with 1.5 V low voltage supply.The LC load network is designed to be off-chip for the purpose of easy tuning and optimization.The same circuit can be extended to all sub-1 GHz applications with the same tuning and optimization on the load network at different frequencies.The amplifier is implemented in 0.13 μm CMOS technology with a core area occupation of 400 μm by 300 μm.Measurement results showed that it provided power delivery of 16.42 dBm at antenna with efficiency of 40.6%.A harmonics suppression of 44 dBc is achieved,making it suitable for massive deployment of IoT devices.
文摘碳交易机制下,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)聚合分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)参与电力市场(electricity market,EM)交易有助于新能源消纳与提升环境效益。为此,首先,构建风电、光伏、可控分布式电源、储能及柔性负荷的多主体VPP模型,并制定各主体参与电能量市场(electric energy market,EEM)和调峰市场(peak regulating market,PRM)竞标策略。通过EEM及PRM算例展现了VPP参与调峰竞标实现VPP效益最大化及各DER成员利益的合理分配。其次,引入碳交易机制,分析碳交易价格变化与风光消纳率、碳排放量及VPP收益之间的关联性。最后,进一步探索碳汇资源交易对电力价格、产量及能源需求变化率的影响,为碳汇价值的生态保护补偿机制提供依据,也为电−碳市场协同下碳市场(carbon market,CM)对EM的价格传导效应及CM价格机制的优化设计提供参考。
基金supported by the National High-Tech R & D Program (863) of China (No 2007AA091201)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (No Y5090117)the Qianjiang Excellence Project of Zhejiang Province, China (No 2009R10036)
文摘In underwater applications of contactless power transmission(CLPT) systems,high pressure and noncoaxial operations will change the parameters of electromagnetic(EM) couplers.As a result,the system will divert from its optimum performance.Using a reluctance modeling method,we investigated the gap effects on the EM coupler in deep-sea environment.Calculations and measurements were performed to analyze the influence of high pressure and noncoaxial alignments on the coupler.It was shown that it is useful to set a relatively large gap between cores to reduce the influence of pressure.Experiments were carried out to verify the transferring capacity of the designed coupler and system for a fixed frequency.The results showed that an EM coupler with a large gap can serve a stable and efficient power transmission for the CLPT system.The designed system can transfer more than 400 W electrical power with a 2-mm gap in the EM coupler,and the efficiency was up to 90% coaxially and 87% non-coaxially in 40 MPa salt water.Finally,a mechanical layout of a 400 W EM coupler for the underwater application in 4000-m deep sea was proposed.
