Background As a new electroencephalogram （EEG） signal processing technique for monitoring the depth of anesthesia, entropy consists of two indices： reaction entropy （RE） and state entropy （SE）. Our study compar...Background As a new electroencephalogram （EEG） signal processing technique for monitoring the depth of anesthesia, entropy consists of two indices： reaction entropy （RE） and state entropy （SE）. Our study compared entropy with classical bispectral index （BIS） in reduction of myoelectrical interference and noxious stimuli with EEG signals. Methods Two hundred and eighty patients （ASA I-II, 18-60 years old） undergoing scheduled surgeries from seven medical centers were enrolled. Anesthesia induction was managed with propofol via the target-controlled infusion （TCI） system. The results of BIS, RE, SE, mean arterial pressure （MAP） and heart rate （HR） were recorded before anesthesia induction, at the moment of unconsciousness, before and 2 minutes after administration of muscle relaxant, and before and one and three minutes after the tracheal intubation. Results The values of half maximum effective concentrations （EC50）, 5% effective concentrations （EC05） and 95% effective concentrations （EC95） of propofol effect-site concentration at the onset of unconsciousness were 1.2 （1.1-1.3 μg/ml）, 2.5 （2.4-2.5 μg/ml） and 3.7 （3.7-3.8 μg/ml）, while those of the predicted plasma propofol concentration were 2.8 （2.7-2.9 μg/ml）, 3.9 （3.8-3.9 μg/ml） and 4.9 （4.8-5.0μg/ml）, respectively. The values of BIS, SE and RE were 62, 59 and 63 when 50% of patients lost consciousness, and 79, 80, 85 and 42, 37, 44, respectively, when 5% and 95% of patients were unconscious. The values of BIS, RE and SE dropped two minutes after the injection of muscle relaxant, but there were no significant differences between RE and SE. MAP and HR increased visibly, which indicated a reaction to tracheal intubation; the values of BIS, RE and SE, however, did not display any significant changes. Conclusions This large-sample multicentric study confirmed the values of RE and SE as approximating BIS value, at the onset of unconsciousness during propofol TCI anesthesia. After elimination 展开更多
The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits ...The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits has become indispensable for research aimed at precisely determining the dose in radiotherapy. Among the numerous algorithms developed in recent years, the GAMOS code, which utilizes the Geant4 toolkit for Monte Carlo simula-tions, incorporates various electromagnetic physics models and multiple scattering models for simulating particle interactions with matter. This makes it a valuable tool for dose calculations in medical applications and throughout the patient’s volume. The aim of this present work aims to vali-date the GAMOS code for the simulation of a 6 MV photon-beam output from the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator. The simulation involves mod-eling the major components of the accelerator head and the interactions of the radiation beam with a homogeneous water phantom and particle information was collected following the modeling of the phase space. This space was po-sitioned under the X and Y jaws, utilizing three electromagnetic physics mod-els of the GAMOS code: Standard, Penelope, and Low-Energy, along with three multiple scattering models: Goudsmit-Saunderson, Urban, and Wentzel-VI. The obtained phase space file was used as a particle source to simulate dose distributions (depth-dose and dose profile) for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm in a water phantom, with a source-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm from the target. We compared the three electromagnetic physics models and the three multiple scattering mod-els of the GAMOS code to experimental results. Validation of our results was performed using the gamma index, with an acceptability criterion of 3% for the dose difference (DD) and 3 mm for the distance-to-agreement (DTA). We achieved agreements of 94% and 96%, respectively, between simulation and experimentation f展开更多
目的探讨儿童（1~12岁）鼻窦低剂量CT扫描的临床应用价值。方法 300例行鼻窦CT检查的儿童（1~12岁）随机分为三组,分别行低剂量[（100 k V,40 m A）、（100 k V,25 m A）]和常规剂量（100 k V,100 m A）扫描,比较三组的剂量指数（CTDIw...目的探讨儿童（1~12岁）鼻窦低剂量CT扫描的临床应用价值。方法 300例行鼻窦CT检查的儿童（1~12岁）随机分为三组,分别行低剂量[（100 k V,40 m A）、（100 k V,25 m A）]和常规剂量（100 k V,100 m A）扫描,比较三组的剂量指数（CTDIw）;对各组CT图像的窦口鼻道复合体成像质量进行评分及分析。结果低剂量组的CTDIw与常规剂量组相比较,40 m A组下降约59.97%,25 m A组下降约74.95%;40 m A组的CT图像质量与常规剂量组相比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,25 m A组的CT图像质量与常规剂量组相比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论儿童鼻窦CT检查时,实行低剂量扫描可以有效地降低辐射剂量,100 k V、40 m A的扫描参数较为适宜。展开更多
文摘Background As a new electroencephalogram （EEG） signal processing technique for monitoring the depth of anesthesia, entropy consists of two indices： reaction entropy （RE） and state entropy （SE）. Our study compared entropy with classical bispectral index （BIS） in reduction of myoelectrical interference and noxious stimuli with EEG signals. Methods Two hundred and eighty patients （ASA I-II, 18-60 years old） undergoing scheduled surgeries from seven medical centers were enrolled. Anesthesia induction was managed with propofol via the target-controlled infusion （TCI） system. The results of BIS, RE, SE, mean arterial pressure （MAP） and heart rate （HR） were recorded before anesthesia induction, at the moment of unconsciousness, before and 2 minutes after administration of muscle relaxant, and before and one and three minutes after the tracheal intubation. Results The values of half maximum effective concentrations （EC50）, 5% effective concentrations （EC05） and 95% effective concentrations （EC95） of propofol effect-site concentration at the onset of unconsciousness were 1.2 （1.1-1.3 μg/ml）, 2.5 （2.4-2.5 μg/ml） and 3.7 （3.7-3.8 μg/ml）, while those of the predicted plasma propofol concentration were 2.8 （2.7-2.9 μg/ml）, 3.9 （3.8-3.9 μg/ml） and 4.9 （4.8-5.0μg/ml）, respectively. The values of BIS, SE and RE were 62, 59 and 63 when 50% of patients lost consciousness, and 79, 80, 85 and 42, 37, 44, respectively, when 5% and 95% of patients were unconscious. The values of BIS, RE and SE dropped two minutes after the injection of muscle relaxant, but there were no significant differences between RE and SE. MAP and HR increased visibly, which indicated a reaction to tracheal intubation; the values of BIS, RE and SE, however, did not display any significant changes. Conclusions This large-sample multicentric study confirmed the values of RE and SE as approximating BIS value, at the onset of unconsciousness during propofol TCI anesthesia. After elimination
文摘The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits has become indispensable for research aimed at precisely determining the dose in radiotherapy. Among the numerous algorithms developed in recent years, the GAMOS code, which utilizes the Geant4 toolkit for Monte Carlo simula-tions, incorporates various electromagnetic physics models and multiple scattering models for simulating particle interactions with matter. This makes it a valuable tool for dose calculations in medical applications and throughout the patient’s volume. The aim of this present work aims to vali-date the GAMOS code for the simulation of a 6 MV photon-beam output from the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator. The simulation involves mod-eling the major components of the accelerator head and the interactions of the radiation beam with a homogeneous water phantom and particle information was collected following the modeling of the phase space. This space was po-sitioned under the X and Y jaws, utilizing three electromagnetic physics mod-els of the GAMOS code: Standard, Penelope, and Low-Energy, along with three multiple scattering models: Goudsmit-Saunderson, Urban, and Wentzel-VI. The obtained phase space file was used as a particle source to simulate dose distributions (depth-dose and dose profile) for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> and 10 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm in a water phantom, with a source-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm from the target. We compared the three electromagnetic physics models and the three multiple scattering mod-els of the GAMOS code to experimental results. Validation of our results was performed using the gamma index, with an acceptability criterion of 3% for the dose difference (DD) and 3 mm for the distance-to-agreement (DTA). We achieved agreements of 94% and 96%, respectively, between simulation and experimentation f
文摘目的探讨儿童（1~12岁）鼻窦低剂量CT扫描的临床应用价值。方法 300例行鼻窦CT检查的儿童（1~12岁）随机分为三组,分别行低剂量[（100 k V,40 m A）、（100 k V,25 m A）]和常规剂量（100 k V,100 m A）扫描,比较三组的剂量指数（CTDIw）;对各组CT图像的窦口鼻道复合体成像质量进行评分及分析。结果低剂量组的CTDIw与常规剂量组相比较,40 m A组下降约59.97%,25 m A组下降约74.95%;40 m A组的CT图像质量与常规剂量组相比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,25 m A组的CT图像质量与常规剂量组相比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论儿童鼻窦CT检查时,实行低剂量扫描可以有效地降低辐射剂量,100 k V、40 m A的扫描参数较为适宜。
