Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest cancers with 1.2 million new cases diagnosed each year in the world. It remains the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world and accounts for &a...Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest cancers with 1.2 million new cases diagnosed each year in the world. It remains the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world and accounts for > 600000 cancer-related deaths each year. There have been significant advances in treatment of metastatic CRC in last decade or so, due to availability of new active targeted agents and more aggressive approach towards the management of CRC, particularly with liver-only-metastases; however, these drugs work best when combined with conventional chemotherapy agents. Despite these advances, there is a lack of biomarkers to inform us about the accurate management of the patients with metastatic CRC. It is therefore imperative to carefully select the patients with comprehensive multi-disciplinary team input in order to optimise the management of these patients. In this review we will discuss various treatment options available in management of colorectal liver metastases with potential guidance on how and when to choose these options along with consideration on future directions in management of this disease.展开更多
With brilliant civilization during the transitional period from a original clan society to a state society in prehistory,the Neolithic Tenghualuo Site in Lianyungang was discovered by archaeological survey in 1989,whi...With brilliant civilization during the transitional period from a original clan society to a state society in prehistory,the Neolithic Tenghualuo Site in Lianyungang was discovered by archaeological survey in 1989,which was titled as‘one of the nation’s ten great archeological discoveries in 2000’.However,the transgression and the anthropogenic environment deterioration have ever been employed to explain the abandonment of the site.Based on a dynasty framework established by the 14 C dating,and using the experimental methods such as micro-paleontology identification in foraminifera and charophytes, the content test of Rb and Sr,susceptibility analysis as well as granularity and sedimentary facies analysis,some researches on the sediments from the two exploration layers at Tenghualuo Site were conducted,and the following new findings have been gained:Firstly,foraminifera which are relevant to the marine environment were not found in the sediment layer,however,25 charales,which usually live in the freshwater environment,in 07LTT1 exploration samples were found.Among them,3 charales were found in the samples from the forth sediment layer below the late Longshan Cultural layer and 22 charates were from the second sediment layer above the late Longshan Cultural layer.Furthermore,5 plant seeds and 41 fungal spores,together with many carbonation holes,plant seed shells,as well as their roots and stems were also found in the second sediment layer above the late Longshan Cultural layer.Secondly,the cumulative probability curves of the sediments’granularity in both the last and its overlying culture intermittent layers have characteristics of three-phase river sediment curve,and the ratios between Rb and Sr are both quite high in samples from two layers sedimented during the disappearing time of the site.All above-mentioned evidences indicate that disappearance of the Tenghualuo Site was not related to the transgression.The late Longshan Culture of the site could be completely abandoned after a relatively long-term展开更多
Minqin Oasis is located in the lower reaches of the Shiyanghe River Basin, northeast of the Heixi Corridor, at the middle of the Silk Road. Because of the its existence, Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert cannot c...Minqin Oasis is located in the lower reaches of the Shiyanghe River Basin, northeast of the Heixi Corridor, at the middle of the Silk Road. Because of the its existence, Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert cannot converge and develop in the south. It has always been an important green barrier to guarantee the eco-security of Hexi Corridor and the Silk Road for thousands of years. But in recent decades, Minqin Oasis is becoming smaller and the desert is becoming larger. Many people, especially the governmental officials in the lower reaches think that the upper and middle reaches have robbed the lower reaches of water resources, and caused insufficient water usage and the deteriorated eco-environment, in the lower reaches, However, the governmental officials in the upper and middle reaches claim that the whole river basin should take the upper and middle reaches as the key regions to develop economy. To address the above argument, we analyze the reasons why Minqin Oasis is disappearing, and find that there are two main factors. One is the quick development of population and economy in the upper and middle reaches; the other is the rapid development of population and economy in the lower reaches. The two factors both have great effect on the water utilization for eco-environment in the lower reaches. So Minqin Oasis is disappearing not only because of the upper and middle reaches but also because of the growth of population and economy itself. The lower reaches should not completely blame the upper and middle reaches. The upper and middle reaches should also pay more attention to the eco-environment in the lower reaches. The whole river basin should develop a harmonious and sustainable relationship among the upper, middle and lower reaches.展开更多
In this article I discuss data from a series of experiments in which readers’ eye movements were recorded as they processed sentences in which each word disappeared or was masked 60ms after fixation onset. We used th...In this article I discuss data from a series of experiments in which readers’ eye movements were recorded as they processed sentences in which each word disappeared or was masked 60ms after fixation onset. We used this paradigm to investigate whether we could induce a gap effect during reading, and how visual and linguistic factors affected eye movements under these conditions. The data showed that no gap effect occurred in our experiment. Overall reading times were the same under normal and disappearing presentation conditions. However, readers did adopt a strategy of making fewer but longer fixations when the text disappeared than when it did not. Additionally, clear frequency effects occurred regardless of whether the text was presented normally or disappeared. This finding indicates that while the visual uptake of information is important, cognitive processes associated with the lexical identification of words are a primary influence on when readers move their eyes during reading. The findings are taken to support the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control.展开更多
Colorectal carcinoma(CRC)is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide,and up to 50%of patients with CRC develop colorectal liver metastases(CRLM).For these patients,surgical resection remains the on...Colorectal carcinoma(CRC)is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide,and up to 50%of patients with CRC develop colorectal liver metastases(CRLM).For these patients,surgical resection remains the only opportunity for cure and long-term survival.Over the past few decades,outcomes of patients with metastatic CRC have improved significantly due to advances in systemic therapy,as well as improvements in operative technique and perioperative care.Chemotherapy in the modern era of oxaliplatin-and irinotecancontaining regimens has been augmented by the introduction of targeted biologics and immunotherapeutic agents.The increasing efficacy of contemporary systemic therapies has led to an expansion in the proportion of patients eligible for curative-intent surgery.Consequently,the use of neoadjuvant strategies is becoming progressively more established.For patients with CRLM,the primary advantage of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NCT)is the potential to down-stage metastatic disease in order to facilitate hepatic resection.On the other hand,the routine use of NCT for patients with resectable metastases remains controversial,especially given the potential risk of inducing chemotherapy-associated liver injury prior to hepatectomy.Current guidelines recommend upfront surgery in patients with initially resectable disease and low operative risk,reserving NCT for patients with borderline resectable or unresectable disease and high operative risk.Patients undergoing NCT require close monitoring for tumor response and conversion of CRLM to resectability.In light of the growing number of treatment options available to patients with metastatic CRC,it is generally agreed that these patients are best served at tertiary centers with an expert multidisciplinary team.展开更多
Traditional bookstores face challenge "As online bookstores become more and more popular,traditional bookstores are disappearing,and a whole attitude and lifestyle is in danger of disappearing with them,"sai...Traditional bookstores face challenge "As online bookstores become more and more popular,traditional bookstores are disappearing,and a whole attitude and lifestyle is in danger of disappearing with them,"said Xue Yuan,author of the book Hello!The Independent Bookstores.展开更多
An interview with Steve Hansen,the c o-founder of Phonemic a,a website collecting China’s dialects采访司圆直:两个收集中国方言的美国人和他们的网站'乡音苑'WHAT PROMPTED YOU TO START PHONEMICA?My friend Kellen a...An interview with Steve Hansen,the c o-founder of Phonemic a,a website collecting China’s dialects采访司圆直:两个收集中国方言的美国人和他们的网站'乡音苑'WHAT PROMPTED YOU TO START PHONEMICA?My friend Kellen and I were both living in China when we met online in 2007 through our blogs.He展开更多
基金Supported by the National Institute for Health Research(NIHR)Biomedical Research Centre(BRC)at the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research and the Robert McAlpine Charity(partly,for Khurum Khan)
文摘Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest cancers with 1.2 million new cases diagnosed each year in the world. It remains the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world and accounts for > 600000 cancer-related deaths each year. There have been significant advances in treatment of metastatic CRC in last decade or so, due to availability of new active targeted agents and more aggressive approach towards the management of CRC, particularly with liver-only-metastases; however, these drugs work best when combined with conventional chemotherapy agents. Despite these advances, there is a lack of biomarkers to inform us about the accurate management of the patients with metastatic CRC. It is therefore imperative to carefully select the patients with comprehensive multi-disciplinary team input in order to optimise the management of these patients. In this review we will discuss various treatment options available in management of colorectal liver metastases with potential guidance on how and when to choose these options along with consideration on future directions in management of this disease.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Project(Grant No.2006BAK21B02)the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.90411015)+3 种基金the University Doctoral Foundation(Grant No.20050284011)Foundation of Important Basic Research at Nanjing University(Grant No.0209005206)Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology from the Institute of Earth Environment,CAS(Grant No.SKLLQG0503)the Physical Geography of"985"Program of China and the Test Foundation of Modern Analyses Center of Nanjing University(Grant No.0209001309)
文摘With brilliant civilization during the transitional period from a original clan society to a state society in prehistory,the Neolithic Tenghualuo Site in Lianyungang was discovered by archaeological survey in 1989,which was titled as‘one of the nation’s ten great archeological discoveries in 2000’.However,the transgression and the anthropogenic environment deterioration have ever been employed to explain the abandonment of the site.Based on a dynasty framework established by the 14 C dating,and using the experimental methods such as micro-paleontology identification in foraminifera and charophytes, the content test of Rb and Sr,susceptibility analysis as well as granularity and sedimentary facies analysis,some researches on the sediments from the two exploration layers at Tenghualuo Site were conducted,and the following new findings have been gained:Firstly,foraminifera which are relevant to the marine environment were not found in the sediment layer,however,25 charales,which usually live in the freshwater environment,in 07LTT1 exploration samples were found.Among them,3 charales were found in the samples from the forth sediment layer below the late Longshan Cultural layer and 22 charates were from the second sediment layer above the late Longshan Cultural layer.Furthermore,5 plant seeds and 41 fungal spores,together with many carbonation holes,plant seed shells,as well as their roots and stems were also found in the second sediment layer above the late Longshan Cultural layer.Secondly,the cumulative probability curves of the sediments’granularity in both the last and its overlying culture intermittent layers have characteristics of three-phase river sediment curve,and the ratios between Rb and Sr are both quite high in samples from two layers sedimented during the disappearing time of the site.All above-mentioned evidences indicate that disappearance of the Tenghualuo Site was not related to the transgression.The late Longshan Culture of the site could be completely abandoned after a relatively long-term
基金the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(project No.40335049)for financial support.
文摘Minqin Oasis is located in the lower reaches of the Shiyanghe River Basin, northeast of the Heixi Corridor, at the middle of the Silk Road. Because of the its existence, Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert cannot converge and develop in the south. It has always been an important green barrier to guarantee the eco-security of Hexi Corridor and the Silk Road for thousands of years. But in recent decades, Minqin Oasis is becoming smaller and the desert is becoming larger. Many people, especially the governmental officials in the lower reaches think that the upper and middle reaches have robbed the lower reaches of water resources, and caused insufficient water usage and the deteriorated eco-environment, in the lower reaches, However, the governmental officials in the upper and middle reaches claim that the whole river basin should take the upper and middle reaches as the key regions to develop economy. To address the above argument, we analyze the reasons why Minqin Oasis is disappearing, and find that there are two main factors. One is the quick development of population and economy in the upper and middle reaches; the other is the rapid development of population and economy in the lower reaches. The two factors both have great effect on the water utilization for eco-environment in the lower reaches. So Minqin Oasis is disappearing not only because of the upper and middle reaches but also because of the growth of population and economy itself. The lower reaches should not completely blame the upper and middle reaches. The upper and middle reaches should also pay more attention to the eco-environment in the lower reaches. The whole river basin should develop a harmonious and sustainable relationship among the upper, middle and lower reaches.
文摘In this article I discuss data from a series of experiments in which readers’ eye movements were recorded as they processed sentences in which each word disappeared or was masked 60ms after fixation onset. We used this paradigm to investigate whether we could induce a gap effect during reading, and how visual and linguistic factors affected eye movements under these conditions. The data showed that no gap effect occurred in our experiment. Overall reading times were the same under normal and disappearing presentation conditions. However, readers did adopt a strategy of making fewer but longer fixations when the text disappeared than when it did not. Additionally, clear frequency effects occurred regardless of whether the text was presented normally or disappeared. This finding indicates that while the visual uptake of information is important, cognitive processes associated with the lexical identification of words are a primary influence on when readers move their eyes during reading. The findings are taken to support the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control.
文摘Colorectal carcinoma(CRC)is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide,and up to 50%of patients with CRC develop colorectal liver metastases(CRLM).For these patients,surgical resection remains the only opportunity for cure and long-term survival.Over the past few decades,outcomes of patients with metastatic CRC have improved significantly due to advances in systemic therapy,as well as improvements in operative technique and perioperative care.Chemotherapy in the modern era of oxaliplatin-and irinotecancontaining regimens has been augmented by the introduction of targeted biologics and immunotherapeutic agents.The increasing efficacy of contemporary systemic therapies has led to an expansion in the proportion of patients eligible for curative-intent surgery.Consequently,the use of neoadjuvant strategies is becoming progressively more established.For patients with CRLM,the primary advantage of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NCT)is the potential to down-stage metastatic disease in order to facilitate hepatic resection.On the other hand,the routine use of NCT for patients with resectable metastases remains controversial,especially given the potential risk of inducing chemotherapy-associated liver injury prior to hepatectomy.Current guidelines recommend upfront surgery in patients with initially resectable disease and low operative risk,reserving NCT for patients with borderline resectable or unresectable disease and high operative risk.Patients undergoing NCT require close monitoring for tumor response and conversion of CRLM to resectability.In light of the growing number of treatment options available to patients with metastatic CRC,it is generally agreed that these patients are best served at tertiary centers with an expert multidisciplinary team.
文摘Traditional bookstores face challenge "As online bookstores become more and more popular,traditional bookstores are disappearing,and a whole attitude and lifestyle is in danger of disappearing with them,"said Xue Yuan,author of the book Hello!The Independent Bookstores.
文摘An interview with Steve Hansen,the c o-founder of Phonemic a,a website collecting China’s dialects采访司圆直:两个收集中国方言的美国人和他们的网站'乡音苑'WHAT PROMPTED YOU TO START PHONEMICA?My friend Kellen and I were both living in China when we met online in 2007 through our blogs.He
