The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)that causes coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)is a global pandemic,manifested by an infectious pneumonia.Although patients primarily present with fever,co...The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)that causes coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)is a global pandemic,manifested by an infectious pneumonia.Although patients primarily present with fever,cough and dyspnea,some patients also develop gastrointestinal(GI)and hepatic manifestations.The most common GI symptoms reported are diarrhea,nausea,vomiting,and abdominal discomfort.Liver chemistry abnormalities are common and include elevation of aspartate transferase,alanine transferase,and total bilirubin.Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects the GI tract via its viral receptor angiotensin converting enzyme Ⅱ,which is expressed on enterocytes of the ileum and colon.Viral RNA has also been isolated from stool specimens of COVID-19 patients,which raised the concern for fecal-oral transmission in addition to droplet transmission.Although indirect evidence has suggested possible fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2,more effort is needed to establish the role of the fecal-oral transmission route.Further research will help elucidate the association between patients with underlying GI diseases,such as chronic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease,and severity of COVID-19.In this review,we summarize the data on GI involvement to date,as well as the impact of COVID-19 on underlying GI diseases.展开更多
Non-organ-specific autoantibodies and thyroid autoantibodies have been frequently found in chronic carriers of hepatitis C virus(HCV). With respect to endomysial antibodies and tissue transglutaminase, it is controver...Non-organ-specific autoantibodies and thyroid autoantibodies have been frequently found in chronic carriers of hepatitis C virus(HCV). With respect to endomysial antibodies and tissue transglutaminase, it is controversial whether the prevalence of glutenrelated seromarkers is higher in patients with HCV. In such cases, in addition to acknowledging any currently existing autoimmune disease, recognizing the risk of the patient developing an autoimmune disease during interferon(IFN)-based treatment must be a principle concern. From a clinical point-of-view, the presence of autoantibodies arouses suspicion that an autoimmunedisease may be present or may be precipitated by IFNbased HCV treatment. In this paper, we review the prevalence of autoantibodies in individuals with hepatitis C, the clinical significance of these autoantibodies, and the approach recommended for such situations.展开更多
文摘The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)that causes coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)is a global pandemic,manifested by an infectious pneumonia.Although patients primarily present with fever,cough and dyspnea,some patients also develop gastrointestinal(GI)and hepatic manifestations.The most common GI symptoms reported are diarrhea,nausea,vomiting,and abdominal discomfort.Liver chemistry abnormalities are common and include elevation of aspartate transferase,alanine transferase,and total bilirubin.Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects the GI tract via its viral receptor angiotensin converting enzyme Ⅱ,which is expressed on enterocytes of the ileum and colon.Viral RNA has also been isolated from stool specimens of COVID-19 patients,which raised the concern for fecal-oral transmission in addition to droplet transmission.Although indirect evidence has suggested possible fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2,more effort is needed to establish the role of the fecal-oral transmission route.Further research will help elucidate the association between patients with underlying GI diseases,such as chronic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease,and severity of COVID-19.In this review,we summarize the data on GI involvement to date,as well as the impact of COVID-19 on underlying GI diseases.
文摘Non-organ-specific autoantibodies and thyroid autoantibodies have been frequently found in chronic carriers of hepatitis C virus(HCV). With respect to endomysial antibodies and tissue transglutaminase, it is controversial whether the prevalence of glutenrelated seromarkers is higher in patients with HCV. In such cases, in addition to acknowledging any currently existing autoimmune disease, recognizing the risk of the patient developing an autoimmune disease during interferon(IFN)-based treatment must be a principle concern. From a clinical point-of-view, the presence of autoantibodies arouses suspicion that an autoimmunedisease may be present or may be precipitated by IFNbased HCV treatment. In this paper, we review the prevalence of autoantibodies in individuals with hepatitis C, the clinical significance of these autoantibodies, and the approach recommended for such situations.
