Ultrasonic imaging is becoming the most popular medical imaging modality,owing to the low price per examination and its safety.However,blood is a poor scatterer of ultrasound waves at clinical diagnostic transmit freq...Ultrasonic imaging is becoming the most popular medical imaging modality,owing to the low price per examination and its safety.However,blood is a poor scatterer of ultrasound waves at clinical diagnostic transmit frequencies.For perfusion imaging,markers have been designed to enhance the contrast in B-mode imaging.These so-called ultrasound contrast agents consist of microscopically small gas bubbles encapsulated in biodegradable shells.In this review,the physical principles of ultrasound contrast agent microbubble behavior and their adjustment for drug delivery including sonoporation are described.Furthermore,an outline of clinical imaging applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is given.It is a challenging task to quantify and predict which bubble phenomenon occurs under which acoustic condition,and how these phenomena may be utilized in ultrasonic imaging.Aided by high-speed photography,our improved understanding of encapsulated microbubble behavior will lead to more sophisticated detection and delivery techniques.More sophisticated methods use quantitative approaches to measure the amount and the time course of bolus or reperfusion curves,and have shown great promise in revealing effective tumor responses to anti-angiogenic drugs in humans before tumor shrinkage occurs.These are beginning to be accepted into clinical practice.In the long term,targeted microbubbles for molecular imaging and eventually for directed anti-tumor therapy are expected to be tested.展开更多
Whether the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-oligonucleotides （CpG ODNs） could be enhanced by the use of gold nanoparticles （Au-NP） was investigated.The CpG ODNs were modified by the Au-NP （CpG /Au-NP） and their...Whether the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-oligonucleotides （CpG ODNs） could be enhanced by the use of gold nanoparticles （Au-NP） was investigated.The CpG ODNs were modified by the Au-NP （CpG /Au-NP） and their uptake and distribution in murine N9 microglial cells were studied.The immunostimulatory effects of CpG /Au-NP on N9 cells,human B cells and plamacytoid dendritic cells （pDCs） were examined.Results showed that the uptake of CpG /Au-NP in N9 cells was much higher than that of CpG ODNs and CpG /Au-NP localized in the cytoplasm of N9 cells.The amount of TNF-α and IL12p40 in N9 cells was increased greatly by the use of Au-NP.And the amount of IL-6 in B cells and IFN-α in pDCs was also significantly increased,while the activation of B cells was not changed.These results reveal that the Au-NP can be used as a delivery media for the oligonucleotides-based therapeutics.展开更多
In cellular networks, the proximity devices may share files directly without going through the e NBs, which is called Device-to-Device communications(D2D). It has been considered as a potential technological component...In cellular networks, the proximity devices may share files directly without going through the e NBs, which is called Device-to-Device communications(D2D). It has been considered as a potential technological component for the next generation of communication. In this paper, we investigate a novel framework to distribute video files from some other proximity devices through users' media cloud assisted D2 D communication. The main contributions of this work lie in: 1) Providing an efficient algorithm Media Cloud Cluster Selecting Scheme(MCCSS) to achieve the reasonable cluster; 2) Distributing the optimum updating files to the cluster heads, in order to minimize the expected D2 D communication transmission hop for files; 3) Proposing a minimum the hop method, which can ensure the user obtain required file as soon as possible. Extensive simulation results have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed scheme.展开更多
文摘Ultrasonic imaging is becoming the most popular medical imaging modality,owing to the low price per examination and its safety.However,blood is a poor scatterer of ultrasound waves at clinical diagnostic transmit frequencies.For perfusion imaging,markers have been designed to enhance the contrast in B-mode imaging.These so-called ultrasound contrast agents consist of microscopically small gas bubbles encapsulated in biodegradable shells.In this review,the physical principles of ultrasound contrast agent microbubble behavior and their adjustment for drug delivery including sonoporation are described.Furthermore,an outline of clinical imaging applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound is given.It is a challenging task to quantify and predict which bubble phenomenon occurs under which acoustic condition,and how these phenomena may be utilized in ultrasonic imaging.Aided by high-speed photography,our improved understanding of encapsulated microbubble behavior will lead to more sophisticated detection and delivery techniques.More sophisticated methods use quantitative approaches to measure the amount and the time course of bolus or reperfusion curves,and have shown great promise in revealing effective tumor responses to anti-angiogenic drugs in humans before tumor shrinkage occurs.These are beginning to be accepted into clinical practice.In the long term,targeted microbubbles for molecular imaging and eventually for directed anti-tumor therapy are expected to be tested.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20807017)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (No.20080487087)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2010MS091)
文摘Whether the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-oligonucleotides （CpG ODNs） could be enhanced by the use of gold nanoparticles （Au-NP） was investigated.The CpG ODNs were modified by the Au-NP （CpG /Au-NP） and their uptake and distribution in murine N9 microglial cells were studied.The immunostimulatory effects of CpG /Au-NP on N9 cells,human B cells and plamacytoid dendritic cells （pDCs） were examined.Results showed that the uptake of CpG /Au-NP in N9 cells was much higher than that of CpG ODNs and CpG /Au-NP localized in the cytoplasm of N9 cells.The amount of TNF-α and IL12p40 in N9 cells was increased greatly by the use of Au-NP.And the amount of IL-6 in B cells and IFN-α in pDCs was also significantly increased,while the activation of B cells was not changed.These results reveal that the Au-NP can be used as a delivery media for the oligonucleotides-based therapeutics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61322104,61571240)the State Key Development Program of Basic Research of China(2013CB329005)+3 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe University Natural Science Research Foundation of Anhui Province(No.KJ2015A105,No.KJ2015A092)The open research fund of Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology(Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications),Ministry of Education(NYKL201509)The open research fund of the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks,Xidian University(ISN17-04)
文摘In cellular networks, the proximity devices may share files directly without going through the e NBs, which is called Device-to-Device communications(D2D). It has been considered as a potential technological component for the next generation of communication. In this paper, we investigate a novel framework to distribute video files from some other proximity devices through users' media cloud assisted D2 D communication. The main contributions of this work lie in: 1) Providing an efficient algorithm Media Cloud Cluster Selecting Scheme(MCCSS) to achieve the reasonable cluster; 2) Distributing the optimum updating files to the cluster heads, in order to minimize the expected D2 D communication transmission hop for files; 3) Proposing a minimum the hop method, which can ensure the user obtain required file as soon as possible. Extensive simulation results have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
