This study aims to investigate the defensible character of the Lahore railway station built in response to"the war of independenee in 1857,"which greatly impacted the location and design of the building.This...This study aims to investigate the defensible character of the Lahore railway station built in response to"the war of independenee in 1857,"which greatly impacted the location and design of the building.This study demonstrates the in tegral role played by the railway station in the development of the new colonial city,which the British wants to be defensive in every aspect.Railways were introduced in Pakistan(India)soon after their inauguration in Britain.Beginning from the mode of transportation,the multifaced contribution of railways toward the urban growth,new architectural style,mode of construction,and technology cannot be recanted.The research is based on the documentation and analysis of the history of Lahore railway station design.First,this study uses primary and secondary data to offer a history of the Lahore railway station from its inception to final execution.Second,it explores the criteria adopted by the British for its site selection to make the station a defensible post.The research finding in eludes the visual features that enhanced the architectural character of the building.Qualitative methods are used including several other approaches,namely,literature review,archival data collection,analysis of photographs,and study of architectural drawings and old maps,to achieve the objectives.展开更多
The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was def...The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was defensible while that of t2 was indefensible.Fish in both raceways were subjected to restricted feeding(RF) for 25 days.Food was available in the morning(09:00-10:00) in the downstream area and in the afternoon(16:00-17:00) in the upstream area of the raceways.The results showed that the behaviour of rainbow trout was significantly different under interference competition(T2) for food compared with that under scramble competition(t2).RF in T2 fish limited food availability to meal times when feeding rewards were available while t2 fish only responded to the location of food delivery.The aggressive fish in T2 were dominant,and t2 fish at high densities showed intense social interactions under the indefensible pattern of food distribution;these interactions did not dampen to a minimum level to suppress the development of dominance hierarchies.Further,the stocking density did not break down the dominance hierarchies between the T2 fish.This suggests that decreased efficiency in the search for food or inefficient foraging,induced by interference competition at high densities,affected the behaviour of rainbow trout.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51778123).
文摘This study aims to investigate the defensible character of the Lahore railway station built in response to"the war of independenee in 1857,"which greatly impacted the location and design of the building.This study demonstrates the in tegral role played by the railway station in the development of the new colonial city,which the British wants to be defensive in every aspect.Railways were introduced in Pakistan(India)soon after their inauguration in Britain.Beginning from the mode of transportation,the multifaced contribution of railways toward the urban growth,new architectural style,mode of construction,and technology cannot be recanted.The research is based on the documentation and analysis of the history of Lahore railway station design.First,this study uses primary and secondary data to offer a history of the Lahore railway station from its inception to final execution.Second,it explores the criteria adopted by the British for its site selection to make the station a defensible post.The research finding in eludes the visual features that enhanced the architectural character of the building.Qualitative methods are used including several other approaches,namely,literature review,archival data collection,analysis of photographs,and study of architectural drawings and old maps,to achieve the objectives.
文摘The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was defensible while that of t2 was indefensible.Fish in both raceways were subjected to restricted feeding(RF) for 25 days.Food was available in the morning(09:00-10:00) in the downstream area and in the afternoon(16:00-17:00) in the upstream area of the raceways.The results showed that the behaviour of rainbow trout was significantly different under interference competition(T2) for food compared with that under scramble competition(t2).RF in T2 fish limited food availability to meal times when feeding rewards were available while t2 fish only responded to the location of food delivery.The aggressive fish in T2 were dominant,and t2 fish at high densities showed intense social interactions under the indefensible pattern of food distribution;these interactions did not dampen to a minimum level to suppress the development of dominance hierarchies.Further,the stocking density did not break down the dominance hierarchies between the T2 fish.This suggests that decreased efficiency in the search for food or inefficient foraging,induced by interference competition at high densities,affected the behaviour of rainbow trout.