ELKAN’s report 'The paradoxical success of fuzzy logic' at the 11th IA Annual Conferenceof America in July, 1993 caused quite a great stir in the research field of IA as well as fuzzysystems, fifteen scholars...ELKAN’s report 'The paradoxical success of fuzzy logic' at the 11th IA Annual Conferenceof America in July, 1993 caused quite a great stir in the research field of IA as well as fuzzysystems, fifteen scholars published papers thereupon to refute it and finally Elkan answeredthem with his paper 'The paradoxical controversy over fuzzy logic'. An exclusive analysiscan be found in Prof. Wu Wangming’s paper. It seems from this event that fuzzy proposi-展开更多
A great disturbance was raised by the report of Elkan entitled 'The Paradoxical Success of Fuzzy Logic' at the llth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence held in the United States in July, 1993. 15 famo...A great disturbance was raised by the report of Elkan entitled 'The Paradoxical Success of Fuzzy Logic' at the llth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence held in the United States in July, 1993. 15 famous experts working in artificial intelligence and fuzzy systems refuted the opinion. Elkan then gave another report entitled 'The Paradoxical Controversy over Fuzzy Logic' as a reply to the refutations mentioned above. Prof. Wu gave a detailed analysis on the controversy (see ref. [3]). This shows that there is no rigid logic foundation for fuzzy propositional calculus. In this note we first point out that it is impossible to keep all classical theorems as tautologies in the field of fuzzy propositional calculus. Then we introduce a formal deductive system in fuzzy propositional calculus by giving up certain classical axioms, and the corresponding soundness theorem is proved.展开更多
The Fermat–Pramanik series are like below: .The mathematical principle has been established by factorization principle. The Fermat-Pramanik tree can be grown. It produces branched Fermat-Pramanik series using same pr...The Fermat–Pramanik series are like below: .The mathematical principle has been established by factorization principle. The Fermat-Pramanik tree can be grown. It produces branched Fermat-Pramanik series using same principle making Fermat-Pramanik chain. Branched chain can be propagated at any point of the main chain with indefinite length using factorization principle as follows: Same principle is applicable for integer solutions of A<sup>M</sup>+B<sup>2</sup>=C<sup>2</sup>which produces series of the type . It has been shown that this equation is solvable with N{A, B, C, M}. where , , M=M<sub>1</sub>+M<sub>2</sub> and M<sub>1</sub>>M<sub>2</sub>. Subsequently, it has been shown that using M= M<sub>1</sub>+M<sub>2</sub>+M<sub>3</sub>+... The combinations of Ms should be taken so that the values of both the parts (C<sub>n</sub>+B<sub>n</sub>) and (C<sub>n</sub>-B<sub>n</sub>) should be even or odd for obtaining Z{B,C}. Hence, it has been shown that the Fermat triple can generate a) Fermat-Pramanik multiplate, b) Fermat-Pramanik Branched multiplate and c) Fermat-Pramanik deductive series. All these formalisms are useful for development of new principle of cryptography. .展开更多
The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defin...The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.展开更多
In this paper, the relationship between argumentation and closed world reasoning for disjunctive information is studied. In particular, the authors propose a simple and intuitive generalization of the closed world ass...In this paper, the relationship between argumentation and closed world reasoning for disjunctive information is studied. In particular, the authors propose a simple and intuitive generalization of the closed world assumption (CWA) for general disjunctive deductive databases (with default negation). This semantics, called DCWA, allows a natural argumentation-based interpretation and can be used to represent reasoning for disjunctive information. We compare DCWA with GCWA and prove that DCWA extends Minker's GCWA to the class of disjunctive databases with default negation. Also we compare our semantics with some related approaches. In addition, the computational complexity of DCWA is investigated.展开更多
Class as the basic of teaching provides language learners knowledge and ways to improve their abilities. Therefore,teaching methods in class can be an affective factor. Through observing the video of foreign language ...Class as the basic of teaching provides language learners knowledge and ways to improve their abilities. Therefore,teaching methods in class can be an affective factor. Through observing the video of foreign language teachers using traditional PPP grammar teaching model, analyzing the advantages and drawbacks of PPP model and providing recommendations of PPP model, teachers can be inspired and improve their teaching method. This illustrates positive factors for English language teaching.展开更多
More and more researchers have now agreed upon the necessity of teaching grammar, but it still remains controversial ashow to teach the forms, with the central consideration of not to harm the meaning-focused communic...More and more researchers have now agreed upon the necessity of teaching grammar, but it still remains controversial ashow to teach the forms, with the central consideration of not to harm the meaning-focused communicative teaching method. In thisessay, one of the issues in grammar teaching will be discussed as how to present new grammar to learners, through evaluating andmodifying a particular presentation activity in a grammar-teaching textbook.展开更多
A systematic, efficient compilation method for query evaluation of DeductiveDatabases (DeDB) is proposed in this paper. In order to eliminate redundancyand to minimize the potentially relevant facts, which are two key...A systematic, efficient compilation method for query evaluation of DeductiveDatabases (DeDB) is proposed in this paper. In order to eliminate redundancyand to minimize the potentially relevant facts, which are two key issues to theefficiency of a DeDB, the compilation process is decomposed into two phases.The first is the pre-compilation phase, which is responsible for the minimiza-tion of the potentially relevant facts. The second, which we refer to as thegeneral compilation phase, is responsible for the elimination of redundancy.The rule/goal graph devised by J. D. Ullman is appropriately extended andused as a uniform formalism. Two general algorithms corresponding to the twophases respectively are described intuitively and formally展开更多
Since extending DATALOG to a general-purpose programming language seems very difficult, many projects have embedded a DATALOG-based query language into a procedural host language, such as CORAL, Glue-Nail, etc.Althoug...Since extending DATALOG to a general-purpose programming language seems very difficult, many projects have embedded a DATALOG-based query language into a procedural host language, such as CORAL, Glue-Nail, etc.Although DATALOG can be considered as function-free PROLOG, they are very different in many aspects. For instance, DATALOG is declarative while PROLOG isn't, DATALoG takes 'a-set-at-atime' mode of evaluation but PROLOG takes 'a-tuple-at-a-time' one, DATALOG is only a query language whereas PROLOG is a general-purpose programming language. It is thought that integrating DATALOG with PROLOG may take their advantages. KBASEP is such a language. It uses KBASE as the query language and PROLOG as its procedural host language, where KBASE is an extension of DATALOG with negation and function. This paper introduces the integration techniques used in KBASE-P system.展开更多
This paper distinguishes among three kinds of linear recursions: canonical strongly linear recursion (CSLR), non-interdependent linear recursion (NILR) and interdependent linear recurstion (ILR) and presents an optima...This paper distinguishes among three kinds of linear recursions: canonical strongly linear recursion (CSLR), non-interdependent linear recursion (NILR) and interdependent linear recurstion (ILR) and presents an optimal algorithm for each. First, for the CSLRs, the magic-set method is refined in such a way that queries can be evaluated efficiently. Then, for the NILRS and ILRs, the concept of query dependency graphs is introduced to partition the rules of a program into a set of CSLRs and the computation is elaborated so that the oplimization for CSLRs can also be applied.展开更多
To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductiv...To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductive approaches,and indicates that grammar teaching by either approach alone has disadvantages,should adopt a combination technique.展开更多
Qualitative and quantitative researches are two major approaches in the study of second language learning and teaching, each representing a special research method in the anthropological studies. Qualitative approach ...Qualitative and quantitative researches are two major approaches in the study of second language learning and teaching, each representing a special research method in the anthropological studies. Qualitative approach moves from data to a hypothesis while the quantitative approach begins with a postulate and ends in the testing of the postulate with data, as a result, it is reasonable to take the qualitative approach as an inductive method and the quantitative approach as a deductive method. These two approaches both have their advantages and disadvantages. While doing qualitative research the researcher should bear in mind the different background of the students tested. On the other hand, the researcher using the quantitative method often suffers the limitation imposed upon him or her by the predefined requirement of the experiment. Only an apt and suitable coordination of the two approaches can make the study of second language teaching and learning successful and fruitful.\;展开更多
Contextual logic provides a mechanism to reason about modules. In this paper, this theory of modules is extended to a context theory of classes where class is in the true spirit of object-oriented databases. The logic...Contextual logic provides a mechanism to reason about modules. In this paper, this theory of modules is extended to a context theory of classes where class is in the true spirit of object-oriented databases. The logic, referred to as CLOG,is class-based. CLOG supports class, object identity, multiple role of object,monotonic and non-monotonic inheritance of data a-nd method, method factor-ing, views, derived and query classes. Views and derived classes are queries in themselves- Objects are pure data terms representing the ground instances of facts in the class. 'Object identity is a first class term in the logic. Inheritance is handled through delegation.展开更多
This paper describes the design and implementation of DPA: a deductive language for embroidery pattern assembling. DPAL is similar to SQL and generates the embroidery pattern by matching the operators of space relatio...This paper describes the design and implementation of DPA: a deductive language for embroidery pattern assembling. DPAL is similar to SQL and generates the embroidery pattern by matching the operators of space relation with the rule in rule database. It improves the production efficiency of embroidery drafts and increases the variety of colors and patterns.展开更多
Sherlock Holmes is the fictional creation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has succeeded in creating the image of Sherlock Holmes. He is not only an excellent de...Sherlock Holmes is the fictional creation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has succeeded in creating the image of Sherlock Holmes. He is not only an excellent detective who is skillful in astute observation and deductive reasoning, but also the symbol of justice and wisdom.展开更多
A Model, called 'Entity-Roles' is proposed in this paper in which the world of Interest is viewed as some mathematical structure. With respect to this structure, a First order (three-valued) Logic Language is ...A Model, called 'Entity-Roles' is proposed in this paper in which the world of Interest is viewed as some mathematical structure. With respect to this structure, a First order (three-valued) Logic Language is constructured.Any world to be modelled can be logically specified in this Language. The integrity constraints on the database and the deducing rules within the Database world are derived from the proper axioms of the world being modelled.展开更多
文摘ELKAN’s report 'The paradoxical success of fuzzy logic' at the 11th IA Annual Conferenceof America in July, 1993 caused quite a great stir in the research field of IA as well as fuzzysystems, fifteen scholars published papers thereupon to refute it and finally Elkan answeredthem with his paper 'The paradoxical controversy over fuzzy logic'. An exclusive analysiscan be found in Prof. Wu Wangming’s paper. It seems from this event that fuzzy proposi-
文摘A great disturbance was raised by the report of Elkan entitled 'The Paradoxical Success of Fuzzy Logic' at the llth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence held in the United States in July, 1993. 15 famous experts working in artificial intelligence and fuzzy systems refuted the opinion. Elkan then gave another report entitled 'The Paradoxical Controversy over Fuzzy Logic' as a reply to the refutations mentioned above. Prof. Wu gave a detailed analysis on the controversy (see ref. [3]). This shows that there is no rigid logic foundation for fuzzy propositional calculus. In this note we first point out that it is impossible to keep all classical theorems as tautologies in the field of fuzzy propositional calculus. Then we introduce a formal deductive system in fuzzy propositional calculus by giving up certain classical axioms, and the corresponding soundness theorem is proved.
文摘The Fermat–Pramanik series are like below: .The mathematical principle has been established by factorization principle. The Fermat-Pramanik tree can be grown. It produces branched Fermat-Pramanik series using same principle making Fermat-Pramanik chain. Branched chain can be propagated at any point of the main chain with indefinite length using factorization principle as follows: Same principle is applicable for integer solutions of A<sup>M</sup>+B<sup>2</sup>=C<sup>2</sup>which produces series of the type . It has been shown that this equation is solvable with N{A, B, C, M}. where , , M=M<sub>1</sub>+M<sub>2</sub> and M<sub>1</sub>>M<sub>2</sub>. Subsequently, it has been shown that using M= M<sub>1</sub>+M<sub>2</sub>+M<sub>3</sub>+... The combinations of Ms should be taken so that the values of both the parts (C<sub>n</sub>+B<sub>n</sub>) and (C<sub>n</sub>-B<sub>n</sub>) should be even or odd for obtaining Z{B,C}. Hence, it has been shown that the Fermat triple can generate a) Fermat-Pramanik multiplate, b) Fermat-Pramanik Branched multiplate and c) Fermat-Pramanik deductive series. All these formalisms are useful for development of new principle of cryptography. .
文摘The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.69883008,No.69773027), and in part by the NKBRSF of China (No.1999032704)
文摘In this paper, the relationship between argumentation and closed world reasoning for disjunctive information is studied. In particular, the authors propose a simple and intuitive generalization of the closed world assumption (CWA) for general disjunctive deductive databases (with default negation). This semantics, called DCWA, allows a natural argumentation-based interpretation and can be used to represent reasoning for disjunctive information. We compare DCWA with GCWA and prove that DCWA extends Minker's GCWA to the class of disjunctive databases with default negation. Also we compare our semantics with some related approaches. In addition, the computational complexity of DCWA is investigated.
文摘Class as the basic of teaching provides language learners knowledge and ways to improve their abilities. Therefore,teaching methods in class can be an affective factor. Through observing the video of foreign language teachers using traditional PPP grammar teaching model, analyzing the advantages and drawbacks of PPP model and providing recommendations of PPP model, teachers can be inspired and improve their teaching method. This illustrates positive factors for English language teaching.
文摘More and more researchers have now agreed upon the necessity of teaching grammar, but it still remains controversial ashow to teach the forms, with the central consideration of not to harm the meaning-focused communicative teaching method. In thisessay, one of the issues in grammar teaching will be discussed as how to present new grammar to learners, through evaluating andmodifying a particular presentation activity in a grammar-teaching textbook.
文摘A systematic, efficient compilation method for query evaluation of DeductiveDatabases (DeDB) is proposed in this paper. In order to eliminate redundancyand to minimize the potentially relevant facts, which are two key issues to theefficiency of a DeDB, the compilation process is decomposed into two phases.The first is the pre-compilation phase, which is responsible for the minimiza-tion of the potentially relevant facts. The second, which we refer to as thegeneral compilation phase, is responsible for the elimination of redundancy.The rule/goal graph devised by J. D. Ullman is appropriately extended andused as a uniform formalism. Two general algorithms corresponding to the twophases respectively are described intuitively and formally
文摘Since extending DATALOG to a general-purpose programming language seems very difficult, many projects have embedded a DATALOG-based query language into a procedural host language, such as CORAL, Glue-Nail, etc.Although DATALOG can be considered as function-free PROLOG, they are very different in many aspects. For instance, DATALOG is declarative while PROLOG isn't, DATALoG takes 'a-set-at-atime' mode of evaluation but PROLOG takes 'a-tuple-at-a-time' one, DATALOG is only a query language whereas PROLOG is a general-purpose programming language. It is thought that integrating DATALOG with PROLOG may take their advantages. KBASEP is such a language. It uses KBASE as the query language and PROLOG as its procedural host language, where KBASE is an extension of DATALOG with negation and function. This paper introduces the integration techniques used in KBASE-P system.
文摘This paper distinguishes among three kinds of linear recursions: canonical strongly linear recursion (CSLR), non-interdependent linear recursion (NILR) and interdependent linear recurstion (ILR) and presents an optimal algorithm for each. First, for the CSLRs, the magic-set method is refined in such a way that queries can be evaluated efficiently. Then, for the NILRS and ILRs, the concept of query dependency graphs is introduced to partition the rules of a program into a set of CSLRs and the computation is elaborated so that the oplimization for CSLRs can also be applied.
文摘To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductive approaches,and indicates that grammar teaching by either approach alone has disadvantages,should adopt a combination technique.
文摘Qualitative and quantitative researches are two major approaches in the study of second language learning and teaching, each representing a special research method in the anthropological studies. Qualitative approach moves from data to a hypothesis while the quantitative approach begins with a postulate and ends in the testing of the postulate with data, as a result, it is reasonable to take the qualitative approach as an inductive method and the quantitative approach as a deductive method. These two approaches both have their advantages and disadvantages. While doing qualitative research the researcher should bear in mind the different background of the students tested. On the other hand, the researcher using the quantitative method often suffers the limitation imposed upon him or her by the predefined requirement of the experiment. Only an apt and suitable coordination of the two approaches can make the study of second language teaching and learning successful and fruitful.\;
文摘Contextual logic provides a mechanism to reason about modules. In this paper, this theory of modules is extended to a context theory of classes where class is in the true spirit of object-oriented databases. The logic, referred to as CLOG,is class-based. CLOG supports class, object identity, multiple role of object,monotonic and non-monotonic inheritance of data a-nd method, method factor-ing, views, derived and query classes. Views and derived classes are queries in themselves- Objects are pure data terms representing the ground instances of facts in the class. 'Object identity is a first class term in the logic. Inheritance is handled through delegation.
基金This work is supported by the National '863' High-Tech Programme of China under the grant !No.863-306-ZT04-01-3.
文摘This paper describes the design and implementation of DPA: a deductive language for embroidery pattern assembling. DPAL is similar to SQL and generates the embroidery pattern by matching the operators of space relation with the rule in rule database. It improves the production efficiency of embroidery drafts and increases the variety of colors and patterns.
文摘Sherlock Holmes is the fictional creation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has succeeded in creating the image of Sherlock Holmes. He is not only an excellent detective who is skillful in astute observation and deductive reasoning, but also the symbol of justice and wisdom.
文摘A Model, called 'Entity-Roles' is proposed in this paper in which the world of Interest is viewed as some mathematical structure. With respect to this structure, a First order (three-valued) Logic Language is constructured.Any world to be modelled can be logically specified in this Language. The integrity constraints on the database and the deducing rules within the Database world are derived from the proper axioms of the world being modelled.
