INTRODUCTION Sleep disturbance is one of the most common nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD).Sleep disturbance affects 40-98% of PD patients in the world. In China, the prevalence of PD patients with sle...INTRODUCTION Sleep disturbance is one of the most common nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD).Sleep disturbance affects 40-98% of PD patients in the world. In China, the prevalence of PD patients with sleep disturbance ranges from 47.66% to 89.10%. Sleep disturbance usually has adverse impact on the quality of life of PD patients. Apossible pathogenesis of PD with sleep disturbance include thalamocortical pathway degeneration and changes of neurotransmitter systems. The etiology of sleep disturbance is multifactorial,involving degeneration of areas regulating sleep,sleep structure affected by drugs,sleep disturbance induced by drug,and sleep fragmentation by multiple factors.展开更多
Objective：Excessive daytime sleepiness （EDS） is one of the most common sleep abnormalities in patients with Parkinson’s disease （PD）, yet its multifactorial etiology complicates its treatment. This review summar...Objective：Excessive daytime sleepiness （EDS） is one of the most common sleep abnormalities in patients with Parkinson’s disease （PD）, yet its multifactorial etiology complicates its treatment. This review summarized recent studies on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical implications, associated features, and evaluation of EDS in PD. The efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for EDS in PD was also reviewed.Data Sources：English language articles indexed in PubMed and Cochrane databases and Chinese-language papers indexed in Wanfang and National Knowledge Infrastructure databases that were published between January 1987 and November 2017 were located using the following search terms： ＂sleepiness＂ , ＂sleep and Parkinson’s disease＂ , and ＂Parkinson’s disease and treatment＂ .Study Selection：Original research articles and critical reviews related to EDS in PD were selected.Results：EDS is a major health hazard and is associated with many motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD. Its causes are multifactorial. There are few specific guidelines for the treatment of EDS in PD. It is first necessary to identify and treat any possible factors causing EDS. Recent studies showed that some nonpharmacologic （i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy, light therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation） and pharmacologic （i.e., modafinil, methylphenidate, caffeine, istradefylline, sodium oxybate, and atomoxetine） treatments may be effective in treating EDS in PD.Conclusions：EDS is common in the PD population and can have an immensely negative impact on quality of life. Its causes are multifactorial, which complicates its treatment. Further investigations are required to determine the safety and efficacy of potential therapies and to develop novel treatment approaches for EDS in PD.展开更多
Background Excessive daytime sleepiness （EDS） is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS） and contributes to a number of comorbidities in these patients. Therefore, early detection o...Background Excessive daytime sleepiness （EDS） is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS） and contributes to a number of comorbidities in these patients. Therefore, early detection of EDS is critical in disease management. We examined the association between Epworth Sleepiness Scale （ESS） and multiple sleep latency test （MSLT） and diagnostic accuracy of ESS in assessing EDS in OSAHS patients. Methods The ESS, MSLT and overnight polysomnography were administered to 107 Chinese patients to assess EDS and its correlations with polysomnographic parameters. The diagnostic accuracy of ESS in classifying EDS （mean sleep latency （MSL） 〈10 minutes） was evaluated by calculating the area under ROC curve. Results As the severity of OSAHS increased, MSL decreased with increase in ESS score. Conversely, patients with worsening EDS （shorter MSL） were characterized by advanced nocturnal hypoxaemia and sleep disruption compared to those with normal MSL, suggesting EDS is associated with more severe OSAHS. There was a negative correlation between ESS score and MSL and both moderately correlated with some polysomnographic nocturnal hypoxaemic parameters. The area under ROC curve of ESS for identifying EDS was 0.80 （95% CI： 0.71 to 0.88） and ESS score 〉12 provided the best predictive value with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 69%. Conclusion The ESS score moderately correlates with MSL and our ROC study supports ESS as a screening strategy for assessing EDS in OSAHS.展开更多
This study showed how the daytime length in Jiaozhou Bay affected the water temperature, which in turn affected the phytoplankton growth when solar radiation was sufficient for phytoplankton photosynthesis. Jiaozhou B...This study showed how the daytime length in Jiaozhou Bay affected the water temperature, which in turn affected the phytoplankton growth when solar radiation was sufficient for phytoplankton photosynthesis. Jiaozhou Bay observation data collected from May 1991 to February 1994 were used to analyze the daytime length vs water temperature relationship. Our study showed that daytime length and the variation controlled the cycle of water temperature flunctuation. Should the cyclic variation curve of the daytime length be moved back for two months it would be superimposed with temperature change. The values of daytime length and temperature that calculated in the dynamical model of daytime length lag vs water temperature were consistent with observed values. The light radiation and daytime length in this model determined the photochemistry process and the enzymic catalysis process of phytoplankton photosynthesis. In addition, by considering the effect of the daytime length on water temperature and photosynthesis, we could comprehend the joint effect of daytime length, water temperature, and nutrients, on the spatiotemporal variation of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay.展开更多
Urban population during the daytime and at night and their spatial distribution are important bases for planning urban infrastructure, public services and disaster relief. As current population statistics cannot disti...Urban population during the daytime and at night and their spatial distribution are important bases for planning urban infrastructure, public services and disaster relief. As current population statistics cannot distinguish urban population during the daytime from that at night, existed research in this field are quite limited. This paper tries to advance studies at this aspect by establishing a relationship model for the three components of ＇population, land use and time （daytime or night）＇ to explore the temporal and spatial characteristics of different types of population, which is aimed to estimate urban population during the daytime and at night and to analyze their spatial characteristics at grid scale. Furthermore, an empirical case study has been carried out at the Haidian District in Beijing, China to test the model. The results are as follows： （1） The spatial structure of urban population during the daytime is significantly different from that at night. The spatial distribution of urban population during the daytime is more extensive and more agglomerated that that at night. （2） Several types of spatial coupling relationship between population during the daytime and that at night have been identified, such as sandwich mode, symmetry mode, convergence mode and single mode, etc. （3） The spatial distribution of daytime and nighttime population also reflects certain factors during the development of China, such as the distribution of old residential areas, the construction of new industrial districts, and the differences between urban and rural areas, which can provide reference points for studies in this field and other regional research.展开更多
Spread-F is a manifestation of ionospheric irregularities and generally takes place at nighttime. However, it can also be ob- served seldom at daytime, It is recognized that acoustic gravity waves （AGWs） play an imp...Spread-F is a manifestation of ionospheric irregularities and generally takes place at nighttime. However, it can also be ob- served seldom at daytime, It is recognized that acoustic gravity waves （AGWs） play an important role in triggering plasma instability which results in spread-F in the ionosphere. The typhoon is a main source of the AGWs. In this paper, two cases of ionospheric daytime spread-F in the period of typhoon were analyzed. One case was on July 29, 1988 and the other was on August 01, 1989. The results showed the following： 1） There were some wave-like disturbances appearing in the HF Doppler records firstly, consequently the Doppler echo traces became scattered, which indicated that the ionospheric spread-F was triggered; 2） the blurred echo traces in the both two cases appeared in the morning （08：30-11：30 Beijing time） and lasted for more than two hours; 3） with the blurred echoes gradually weakening, the traveling ionospheric disturbances （TIDs） still ex- isted and became clearer; 4） the frequency shifts in the two of the radio wave in the ionosphere moved downwards. spread-F during the typhoon period in Asian region. cases were both positive, implying the effective reflecting surface These results provide good observational evidence for daytime展开更多
Syringa is an important aromatic woody angiosperm that is widely planted in gardens. Its dry flowers are traditionally used to manufacture infusions and spices in China. In this study, the floral volatiles emitted fro...Syringa is an important aromatic woody angiosperm that is widely planted in gardens. Its dry flowers are traditionally used to manufacture infusions and spices in China. In this study, the floral volatiles emitted from nine different Syringa species and varieties, viz. S. chinensis, S. protolaciniata, S. oblata, S. oblata var. giraldii, S. oblata var. plena, S. vulgaris ＇Mrs Harry Bickle＇, S. vulgaris ＇Bright Centennial＇, S. vulgaris ＇White Spires＇, and S. vulgaris ＇President Lincoln＇ were collected by the dynamic headspace technique, and then identified by automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. There were significant differences in components and corresponding contents of floral scent emitted from the nine Syringa species and varieties. Among the detected components, β-ocimene exhibited the highest content, accounting for more than 70 % of the floral scent of S. protolaciniata, S. oblata var. giraldii, and S. vulgaris ＇Bright Centennial＇. A significant daytime variation of floral scent emitted from S. pekinensis was recorded, especially for benzaldehyde, whose content first increased and then decreased. We studied the scent emitted from the in vitro flowers of S. vulgaris ＇Pres Lincoln＇ during the process of natural drying. Alcohol compounds were released in the greatest content, and the content of 2-ethyl-l-hexanol accounted for about 40 % of the total release amount. The results described the emission pattern and mechanisms of floral scent in Syringa.展开更多
Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC)is an innovative and sustainable cooling technology that holds immense potential for addressing the energy crisis.Despite the numerous reports on radiative coolers,the design of ...Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC)is an innovative and sustainable cooling technology that holds immense potential for addressing the energy crisis.Despite the numerous reports on radiative coolers,the design of a straightforward,efficient,and readily producible system remains a challenge.Herein,we present the development of a hierarchical aligned porous poly(vinylidene fluoride)(HAP-PVDF)film through a freeze-thaw-promoted nonsolvent-induced phase separation strategy.This film features oriented microporous arrays in conjunction with random nanopores,enabling efficient radiative cooling performance under direct sunlight conditions.The incorporation of both micro-and nano-pores in the HAP-PVDF film results in a remarkable solar reflectance of 97%and a sufficiently high infrared thermal emissivity of 96%,facilitating sub-environmental cooling at 18.3℃ on sunny days and 13.1℃ on cloudy days.Additionally,the HAP-PVDF film also exhibits exceptional flexibility and hydrophobicity.Theoretical calculations further confirm a radiative cooling power of 94.8 W·m^(-2)under a solar intensity of 1000W·m^(-2),demonstrating a performance comparable to the majority of reported radiative coolers.展开更多
The demand for highly porous yet transparent aerogels with mechanical flexibility and solar-thermal dual-regulation for energy-saving windows is significant but challenging.Herein,a delaminated aerogel film(DAF)is fab...The demand for highly porous yet transparent aerogels with mechanical flexibility and solar-thermal dual-regulation for energy-saving windows is significant but challenging.Herein,a delaminated aerogel film(DAF)is fabricated through filtration-induced delaminated gelation and ambient drying.The delaminated gelation process involves the assembly of fluorinated cellulose nanofiber(FCNF)at the solid-liquid interface between the filter and the filtrate during filtration,resulting in the formation of lamellar FCNF hydrogels with strong intra-plane and weak interlayer hydrogen bonding.By exchanging the solvents from water to hexane,the hydrogen bonding in the FCNF hydrogel is further enhanced,enabling the formation of the DAF with intra-layer mesopores upon ambient drying.The resulting aerogel film is lightweight and ultra-flexible,which pos-sesses desirable properties of high visible-light transmittance(91.0%),low thermal conductivity(33 mW m^(-1) K^(-1)),and high atmospheric-window emissivity(90.1%).Furthermore,the DAF exhibits reduced surface energy and exceptional hydrophobicity due to the presence of fluorine-containing groups,enhancing its durability and UV resistance.Consequently,the DAF has demonstrated its potential as solar-thermal regulatory cooling window materials capable of simultaneously providing indoor lighting,thermal insulation,and daytime radiative cooling under direct sunlight.Significantly,the enclosed space protected by the DAF exhibits a temperature reduction of 2.6℃ compared to that shielded by conventional architectural glass.展开更多
文摘INTRODUCTION Sleep disturbance is one of the most common nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD).Sleep disturbance affects 40-98% of PD patients in the world. In China, the prevalence of PD patients with sleep disturbance ranges from 47.66% to 89.10%. Sleep disturbance usually has adverse impact on the quality of life of PD patients. Apossible pathogenesis of PD with sleep disturbance include thalamocortical pathway degeneration and changes of neurotransmitter systems. The etiology of sleep disturbance is multifactorial,involving degeneration of areas regulating sleep,sleep structure affected by drugs,sleep disturbance induced by drug,and sleep fragmentation by multiple factors.
文摘Objective：Excessive daytime sleepiness （EDS） is one of the most common sleep abnormalities in patients with Parkinson’s disease （PD）, yet its multifactorial etiology complicates its treatment. This review summarized recent studies on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical implications, associated features, and evaluation of EDS in PD. The efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for EDS in PD was also reviewed.Data Sources：English language articles indexed in PubMed and Cochrane databases and Chinese-language papers indexed in Wanfang and National Knowledge Infrastructure databases that were published between January 1987 and November 2017 were located using the following search terms： ＂sleepiness＂ , ＂sleep and Parkinson’s disease＂ , and ＂Parkinson’s disease and treatment＂ .Study Selection：Original research articles and critical reviews related to EDS in PD were selected.Results：EDS is a major health hazard and is associated with many motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD. Its causes are multifactorial. There are few specific guidelines for the treatment of EDS in PD. It is first necessary to identify and treat any possible factors causing EDS. Recent studies showed that some nonpharmacologic （i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy, light therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation） and pharmacologic （i.e., modafinil, methylphenidate, caffeine, istradefylline, sodium oxybate, and atomoxetine） treatments may be effective in treating EDS in PD.Conclusions：EDS is common in the PD population and can have an immensely negative impact on quality of life. Its causes are multifactorial, which complicates its treatment. Further investigations are required to determine the safety and efficacy of potential therapies and to develop novel treatment approaches for EDS in PD.
基金This study was supported by grants fi-om the National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC） （No. 81170070, No. 81270147）, and from the Scientific Research Foundation of the Chinese Ministry of Health （No. W2012w4）.
文摘Background Excessive daytime sleepiness （EDS） is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS） and contributes to a number of comorbidities in these patients. Therefore, early detection of EDS is critical in disease management. We examined the association between Epworth Sleepiness Scale （ESS） and multiple sleep latency test （MSLT） and diagnostic accuracy of ESS in assessing EDS in OSAHS patients. Methods The ESS, MSLT and overnight polysomnography were administered to 107 Chinese patients to assess EDS and its correlations with polysomnographic parameters. The diagnostic accuracy of ESS in classifying EDS （mean sleep latency （MSL） 〈10 minutes） was evaluated by calculating the area under ROC curve. Results As the severity of OSAHS increased, MSL decreased with increase in ESS score. Conversely, patients with worsening EDS （shorter MSL） were characterized by advanced nocturnal hypoxaemia and sleep disruption compared to those with normal MSL, suggesting EDS is associated with more severe OSAHS. There was a negative correlation between ESS score and MSL and both moderately correlated with some polysomnographic nocturnal hypoxaemic parameters. The area under ROC curve of ESS for identifying EDS was 0.80 （95% CI： 0.71 to 0.88） and ESS score 〉12 provided the best predictive value with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 69%. Conclusion The ESS score moderately correlates with MSL and our ROC study supports ESS as a screening strategy for assessing EDS in OSAHS.
文摘This study showed how the daytime length in Jiaozhou Bay affected the water temperature, which in turn affected the phytoplankton growth when solar radiation was sufficient for phytoplankton photosynthesis. Jiaozhou Bay observation data collected from May 1991 to February 1994 were used to analyze the daytime length vs water temperature relationship. Our study showed that daytime length and the variation controlled the cycle of water temperature flunctuation. Should the cyclic variation curve of the daytime length be moved back for two months it would be superimposed with temperature change. The values of daytime length and temperature that calculated in the dynamical model of daytime length lag vs water temperature were consistent with observed values. The light radiation and daytime length in this model determined the photochemistry process and the enzymic catalysis process of phytoplankton photosynthesis. In addition, by considering the effect of the daytime length on water temperature and photosynthesis, we could comprehend the joint effect of daytime length, water temperature, and nutrients, on the spatiotemporal variation of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41271174 National Science and Technology Support Program, No.2012BAI32B07
文摘Urban population during the daytime and at night and their spatial distribution are important bases for planning urban infrastructure, public services and disaster relief. As current population statistics cannot distinguish urban population during the daytime from that at night, existed research in this field are quite limited. This paper tries to advance studies at this aspect by establishing a relationship model for the three components of ＇population, land use and time （daytime or night）＇ to explore the temporal and spatial characteristics of different types of population, which is aimed to estimate urban population during the daytime and at night and to analyze their spatial characteristics at grid scale. Furthermore, an empirical case study has been carried out at the Haidian District in Beijing, China to test the model. The results are as follows： （1） The spatial structure of urban population during the daytime is significantly different from that at night. The spatial distribution of urban population during the daytime is more extensive and more agglomerated that that at night. （2） Several types of spatial coupling relationship between population during the daytime and that at night have been identified, such as sandwich mode, symmetry mode, convergence mode and single mode, etc. （3） The spatial distribution of daytime and nighttime population also reflects certain factors during the development of China, such as the distribution of old residential areas, the construction of new industrial districts, and the differences between urban and rural areas, which can provide reference points for studies in this field and other regional research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40974091, 41174135 and 40921063)the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories
文摘Spread-F is a manifestation of ionospheric irregularities and generally takes place at nighttime. However, it can also be ob- served seldom at daytime, It is recognized that acoustic gravity waves （AGWs） play an important role in triggering plasma instability which results in spread-F in the ionosphere. The typhoon is a main source of the AGWs. In this paper, two cases of ionospheric daytime spread-F in the period of typhoon were analyzed. One case was on July 29, 1988 and the other was on August 01, 1989. The results showed the following： 1） There were some wave-like disturbances appearing in the HF Doppler records firstly, consequently the Doppler echo traces became scattered, which indicated that the ionospheric spread-F was triggered; 2） the blurred echo traces in the both two cases appeared in the morning （08：30-11：30 Beijing time） and lasted for more than two hours; 3） with the blurred echoes gradually weakening, the traveling ionospheric disturbances （TIDs） still ex- isted and became clearer; 4） the frequency shifts in the two of the radio wave in the ionosphere moved downwards. spread-F during the typhoon period in Asian region. cases were both positive, implying the effective reflecting surface These results provide good observational evidence for daytime
基金supported by the Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges under Beijing Municipality(IDHT20150503)the National Natural Science foundation of China(31201645)+1 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Beijing(Z121100007412003)Building Project of Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment(PXM2015-014207-000014)
文摘Syringa is an important aromatic woody angiosperm that is widely planted in gardens. Its dry flowers are traditionally used to manufacture infusions and spices in China. In this study, the floral volatiles emitted from nine different Syringa species and varieties, viz. S. chinensis, S. protolaciniata, S. oblata, S. oblata var. giraldii, S. oblata var. plena, S. vulgaris ＇Mrs Harry Bickle＇, S. vulgaris ＇Bright Centennial＇, S. vulgaris ＇White Spires＇, and S. vulgaris ＇President Lincoln＇ were collected by the dynamic headspace technique, and then identified by automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. There were significant differences in components and corresponding contents of floral scent emitted from the nine Syringa species and varieties. Among the detected components, β-ocimene exhibited the highest content, accounting for more than 70 % of the floral scent of S. protolaciniata, S. oblata var. giraldii, and S. vulgaris ＇Bright Centennial＇. A significant daytime variation of floral scent emitted from S. pekinensis was recorded, especially for benzaldehyde, whose content first increased and then decreased. We studied the scent emitted from the in vitro flowers of S. vulgaris ＇Pres Lincoln＇ during the process of natural drying. Alcohol compounds were released in the greatest content, and the content of 2-ethyl-l-hexanol accounted for about 40 % of the total release amount. The results described the emission pattern and mechanisms of floral scent in Syringa.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273067)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2232023A-03)the Shuguang Program of Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.23SG29)。
文摘Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC)is an innovative and sustainable cooling technology that holds immense potential for addressing the energy crisis.Despite the numerous reports on radiative coolers,the design of a straightforward,efficient,and readily producible system remains a challenge.Herein,we present the development of a hierarchical aligned porous poly(vinylidene fluoride)(HAP-PVDF)film through a freeze-thaw-promoted nonsolvent-induced phase separation strategy.This film features oriented microporous arrays in conjunction with random nanopores,enabling efficient radiative cooling performance under direct sunlight conditions.The incorporation of both micro-and nano-pores in the HAP-PVDF film results in a remarkable solar reflectance of 97%and a sufficiently high infrared thermal emissivity of 96%,facilitating sub-environmental cooling at 18.3℃ on sunny days and 13.1℃ on cloudy days.Additionally,the HAP-PVDF film also exhibits exceptional flexibility and hydrophobicity.Theoretical calculations further confirm a radiative cooling power of 94.8 W·m^(-2)under a solar intensity of 1000W·m^(-2),demonstrating a performance comparable to the majority of reported radiative coolers.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52273067,52122303,52233006)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2232023A-03)the Shuguang Program of Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(23SG29).
文摘The demand for highly porous yet transparent aerogels with mechanical flexibility and solar-thermal dual-regulation for energy-saving windows is significant but challenging.Herein,a delaminated aerogel film(DAF)is fabricated through filtration-induced delaminated gelation and ambient drying.The delaminated gelation process involves the assembly of fluorinated cellulose nanofiber(FCNF)at the solid-liquid interface between the filter and the filtrate during filtration,resulting in the formation of lamellar FCNF hydrogels with strong intra-plane and weak interlayer hydrogen bonding.By exchanging the solvents from water to hexane,the hydrogen bonding in the FCNF hydrogel is further enhanced,enabling the formation of the DAF with intra-layer mesopores upon ambient drying.The resulting aerogel film is lightweight and ultra-flexible,which pos-sesses desirable properties of high visible-light transmittance(91.0%),low thermal conductivity(33 mW m^(-1) K^(-1)),and high atmospheric-window emissivity(90.1%).Furthermore,the DAF exhibits reduced surface energy and exceptional hydrophobicity due to the presence of fluorine-containing groups,enhancing its durability and UV resistance.Consequently,the DAF has demonstrated its potential as solar-thermal regulatory cooling window materials capable of simultaneously providing indoor lighting,thermal insulation,and daytime radiative cooling under direct sunlight.Significantly,the enclosed space protected by the DAF exhibits a temperature reduction of 2.6℃ compared to that shielded by conventional architectural glass.
