Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as ...Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.展开更多
The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 valu...The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.展开更多
The diurnal variation of precipitation over the Dabie Mountains(DBM) in eastern China during the 2013 mei-yu season is investigated with forecasts of a regional convection-permitting model. Simulated precipitation is ...The diurnal variation of precipitation over the Dabie Mountains(DBM) in eastern China during the 2013 mei-yu season is investigated with forecasts of a regional convection-permitting model. Simulated precipitation is verified against surface rain-gauge observations. The observed morning precipitation peak on the windward(relative to the prevailing synoptic-scale wind) side of the DBM is reproduced with good spatial and temporal accuracy. The interaction between the DBM and a nocturnal boundary layer low-level jet(BLJ) due to the inertial oscillation mechanism is shown to be responsible for this precipitation peak. The BLJ is aligned with the lower-level southwesterly synoptic-scale flow that carries abundant moisture.The BLJ core is established at around 0200 LST upwind of the mountains. It moves towards the DBM and reaches maximum intensity at about 70 km ahead of the mountains. When the BLJ impinges upon the windward side of the DBM in the early morning, mechanical lifting of moist air leads to condensation and subsequent precipitation.展开更多
针对全球深海测深数据来源复杂、精度差异大、难以融合构建高精度数字水深模型(digital bathymetric model,DBM)的问题,提出一种适用于深水区多源水深数据融合的MF法(merge-fusion),并将其应用到马里亚纳海沟"挑战者深渊"的DB...针对全球深海测深数据来源复杂、精度差异大、难以融合构建高精度数字水深模型(digital bathymetric model,DBM)的问题,提出一种适用于深水区多源水深数据融合的MF法(merge-fusion),并将其应用到马里亚纳海沟"挑战者深渊"的DBM构建中。该方法通过"合并-融合"的技术路线,将多波束、单波束、电子海图数据与通用全球海洋地形数据(general bathymetric chart of the oceans,GEBCO)有机地融合在一起,在保留高分辨率地形细节特征的同时,合理填补了数据空白区。使用该方法构建"挑战者深渊"高精度DBM并与GEBCO数据进行对比,结果表明,该方法融合的DBM能更好地反映精细的地形特征信息,具有重要的实际应用价值。展开更多
The effects of interaction between Bacillus subtilis DBM and soil minerals on Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption were investigated.After combination with DBM,the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of kaolinite and goethite...The effects of interaction between Bacillus subtilis DBM and soil minerals on Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption were investigated.After combination with DBM,the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of kaolinite and goethite improved compared with the application of the minerals independently.The modeling results of potentiometric titration data proved that the site concentrations of kaolinite and goethite increased by 80%and 30%,respectively after combination with DBM.However,the involvement of functional groups in the DBM/mineral combinations resulted in lower concentrations of observed sites than the theoretical values and led to the enhancement of desorption rates by NH_4NO_3 and EDTA-Na_2.The DBM-mineral complexes might also help to prevent heavy metals from entering DBM cells to improve the survivability of DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.During the combination process,the extracellular proteins of DBM provided more binding sites for the minerals to absorb Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ).In particular,an especially stable complexation site was formed between goethite and phosphodiester bonds from EPS to enhance the Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacity.So,we can conclude that the DBM–mineral complexes could improve the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of minerals and protect DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.展开更多
基金supported by the National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists of China (No. 41225004)Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges & Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme,the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (No. 201109020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41101483)
文摘Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.
基金support for this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30971922)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (B0320003, B0410015, 2004J010, and2007F5021)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science,China (STIF-Y07)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Fujian Province, China,to Associate Professor Gu Xiaojun
文摘The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.
基金supported by the Special Foundation of the China Meteorological Administration (Grant No.GYHY201506006)supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41405100,41322032 and 41275031)
文摘The diurnal variation of precipitation over the Dabie Mountains(DBM) in eastern China during the 2013 mei-yu season is investigated with forecasts of a regional convection-permitting model. Simulated precipitation is verified against surface rain-gauge observations. The observed morning precipitation peak on the windward(relative to the prevailing synoptic-scale wind) side of the DBM is reproduced with good spatial and temporal accuracy. The interaction between the DBM and a nocturnal boundary layer low-level jet(BLJ) due to the inertial oscillation mechanism is shown to be responsible for this precipitation peak. The BLJ is aligned with the lower-level southwesterly synoptic-scale flow that carries abundant moisture.The BLJ core is established at around 0200 LST upwind of the mountains. It moves towards the DBM and reaches maximum intensity at about 70 km ahead of the mountains. When the BLJ impinges upon the windward side of the DBM in the early morning, mechanical lifting of moist air leads to condensation and subsequent precipitation.
文摘针对全球深海测深数据来源复杂、精度差异大、难以融合构建高精度数字水深模型(digital bathymetric model,DBM)的问题,提出一种适用于深水区多源水深数据融合的MF法(merge-fusion),并将其应用到马里亚纳海沟"挑战者深渊"的DBM构建中。该方法通过"合并-融合"的技术路线,将多波束、单波束、电子海图数据与通用全球海洋地形数据(general bathymetric chart of the oceans,GEBCO)有机地融合在一起,在保留高分辨率地形细节特征的同时,合理填补了数据空白区。使用该方法构建"挑战者深渊"高精度DBM并与GEBCO数据进行对比,结果表明,该方法融合的DBM能更好地反映精细的地形特征信息,具有重要的实际应用价值。
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFD0800700)the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41225004 and No. 41671313)+1 种基金the 111 Project (No. B18060)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2015A030313159)
文摘The effects of interaction between Bacillus subtilis DBM and soil minerals on Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption were investigated.After combination with DBM,the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of kaolinite and goethite improved compared with the application of the minerals independently.The modeling results of potentiometric titration data proved that the site concentrations of kaolinite and goethite increased by 80%and 30%,respectively after combination with DBM.However,the involvement of functional groups in the DBM/mineral combinations resulted in lower concentrations of observed sites than the theoretical values and led to the enhancement of desorption rates by NH_4NO_3 and EDTA-Na_2.The DBM-mineral complexes might also help to prevent heavy metals from entering DBM cells to improve the survivability of DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.During the combination process,the extracellular proteins of DBM provided more binding sites for the minerals to absorb Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ).In particular,an especially stable complexation site was formed between goethite and phosphodiester bonds from EPS to enhance the Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacity.So,we can conclude that the DBM–mineral complexes could improve the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of minerals and protect DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.
