Background: Smokeless tobacco is defined as a product that contains tobacco, is not smoked or burned at the time of use, and commonly consumed orally or nasally. These products can be placed in the mouth, cheek or the...Background: Smokeless tobacco is defined as a product that contains tobacco, is not smoked or burned at the time of use, and commonly consumed orally or nasally. These products can be placed in the mouth, cheek or the lip and are sucked or chewed. The Zambian government, in the 2019 country report, gave an estimated figure of 4.5% of females aged 15 years and above in 2017 used smokeless tobacco and by 31st December, 2018, there was an increase of smokeless tobacco users to 6.8% women of the same age group. This study aimed to explore the extent of smokeless tobacco use among women in Kasama district-Zambia. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional quantitative study design was used to collect data using the modified structured interview schedule, adopted from Medicine for Global Health. Simple random sampling method using rotary technique was used to select 430 respondents after meeting the inclusion criteria. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained. Data was analysed using version 26.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistical tests (Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test) were adopted in testing for associations between variables. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were employed in identifying smokeless tobacco use among women using an investigator-led stepwise approach, guided by various fit statistics and the likelihood ratio test. All statistical analyses adopted a 5% significance level at 95% confidence interval. Results: The results showed that most of the respondents were aged between 18 and 25 years (45.6%), (53.7%) lived in urban settlements and the majority (80%) were unemployed. The majority of respondents (83.5%) had a friend/relative who used smokeless tobacco and over half (53.5%) thought smokeless tobacco was beneficial to them. The commonly mentioned benefits of smokeless tobacco included body warmth (13.6%) and vaginal tightening (7.9%). The results revealed that most of the respondents a展开更多
目的研究医学生文化信仰状况及其与抑郁的关系。方法使用中国传统文化信仰量表(CTCBS)和9条目患者健康问卷(PHQ-9)对977名医学生采用方便抽样进行网络问卷调查。结果(1)医学生文化信仰总体水平为48.34±7.31,54.4%的医学生拥有明确...目的研究医学生文化信仰状况及其与抑郁的关系。方法使用中国传统文化信仰量表(CTCBS)和9条目患者健康问卷(PHQ-9)对977名医学生采用方便抽样进行网络问卷调查。结果(1)医学生文化信仰总体水平为48.34±7.31,54.4%的医学生拥有明确的文化信仰;(2)医学生文化信仰水平不存在性别、居住地和经济状况上的差异,但有理想信念者的文化信仰显著高于无理想信念者[48.87±7.40 vs 47.09±6.95,P<0.001];(3)医学生文化信仰水平与抑郁呈负相关(r=-0.215,P<0.001);高文化信仰者的抑郁情绪表现更少[6.09±3.88 vs 7.42±3.82 vs 9.00±4.90,P<0.001]。无抑郁者的总体文化信仰和各维度表现均显著高于有抑郁者(P<0.01)。文化信仰程度越低者的抑郁筛查阳性率越高(37.8%vs 18.8%vs 12.2%)。结论医学生具有较高水平的文化信仰,高文化信仰有利于减轻医学生的抑郁症状,降低抑郁的发病率。在医学生人文素质教育中应增强中国传统文化教育。展开更多
The cultural gene of Li Shangying’s name, birth, nationality and inner world is analyzed based on the related historical materials combined with classic literature, history, culturology, ethnology and folklore. Concl...The cultural gene of Li Shangying’s name, birth, nationality and inner world is analyzed based on the related historical materials combined with classic literature, history, culturology, ethnology and folklore. Conclusion is made that Li Shangying’s original name is not Li but Xu, and in him is the mixture of cultures and nationalities.展开更多
文摘Background: Smokeless tobacco is defined as a product that contains tobacco, is not smoked or burned at the time of use, and commonly consumed orally or nasally. These products can be placed in the mouth, cheek or the lip and are sucked or chewed. The Zambian government, in the 2019 country report, gave an estimated figure of 4.5% of females aged 15 years and above in 2017 used smokeless tobacco and by 31st December, 2018, there was an increase of smokeless tobacco users to 6.8% women of the same age group. This study aimed to explore the extent of smokeless tobacco use among women in Kasama district-Zambia. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional quantitative study design was used to collect data using the modified structured interview schedule, adopted from Medicine for Global Health. Simple random sampling method using rotary technique was used to select 430 respondents after meeting the inclusion criteria. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained. Data was analysed using version 26.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistical tests (Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test) were adopted in testing for associations between variables. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were employed in identifying smokeless tobacco use among women using an investigator-led stepwise approach, guided by various fit statistics and the likelihood ratio test. All statistical analyses adopted a 5% significance level at 95% confidence interval. Results: The results showed that most of the respondents were aged between 18 and 25 years (45.6%), (53.7%) lived in urban settlements and the majority (80%) were unemployed. The majority of respondents (83.5%) had a friend/relative who used smokeless tobacco and over half (53.5%) thought smokeless tobacco was beneficial to them. The commonly mentioned benefits of smokeless tobacco included body warmth (13.6%) and vaginal tightening (7.9%). The results revealed that most of the respondents a
文摘目的研究医学生文化信仰状况及其与抑郁的关系。方法使用中国传统文化信仰量表(CTCBS)和9条目患者健康问卷(PHQ-9)对977名医学生采用方便抽样进行网络问卷调查。结果(1)医学生文化信仰总体水平为48.34±7.31,54.4%的医学生拥有明确的文化信仰;(2)医学生文化信仰水平不存在性别、居住地和经济状况上的差异,但有理想信念者的文化信仰显著高于无理想信念者[48.87±7.40 vs 47.09±6.95,P<0.001];(3)医学生文化信仰水平与抑郁呈负相关(r=-0.215,P<0.001);高文化信仰者的抑郁情绪表现更少[6.09±3.88 vs 7.42±3.82 vs 9.00±4.90,P<0.001]。无抑郁者的总体文化信仰和各维度表现均显著高于有抑郁者(P<0.01)。文化信仰程度越低者的抑郁筛查阳性率越高(37.8%vs 18.8%vs 12.2%)。结论医学生具有较高水平的文化信仰,高文化信仰有利于减轻医学生的抑郁症状,降低抑郁的发病率。在医学生人文素质教育中应增强中国传统文化教育。
文摘The cultural gene of Li Shangying’s name, birth, nationality and inner world is analyzed based on the related historical materials combined with classic literature, history, culturology, ethnology and folklore. Conclusion is made that Li Shangying’s original name is not Li but Xu, and in him is the mixture of cultures and nationalities.
