The influences of solid particles in leach solution on the formation of the third phase crud during solvent extraction of copper were studied. Analyzed from the point of view of pH value and surface tension, the study...The influences of solid particles in leach solution on the formation of the third phase crud during solvent extraction of copper were studied. Analyzed from the point of view of pH value and surface tension, the study results showed that the solid particle is one of the most important contributors for the formation of the third phase crud. During solvent extraction, if the pH value was greater than 2.30, the number of solid particles in the mother solution increased, in which case the possibility of forming the third phase crud could also increase, and the interface tension value might grow in pace with the quantity of the third phase crud.展开更多
EVA was widely used as the pour point depressant for waxy oil.In order to improve its effect,some graft copolymerization methods should be used to modify EVA's property.EVA has long side chains and nitrogen polar ...EVA was widely used as the pour point depressant for waxy oil.In order to improve its effect,some graft copolymerization methods should be used to modify EVA's property.EVA has long side chains and nitrogen polar groups to enforce its adaptability and effect of waxy oil.The pure amine,maleicanhydride and their reaction product were tested using infrared spectra and the NMR spectral.The results show that when the modified EVA is added into oil,the wax deposits not only on the main chain but also on the side chains.And the polar groups have the function to avoid and resist the wax crystals connection each other to form the net.Using the reaction product of maleicanhydride and high carbonic amine(C12,C16,C18 amine) as the graft component,the toluene as the solvent and BPO as the initiator,the series of new EVA graft copolymer with special side chains are prepared under controlled condition.A series of cylmaleimide exist indeed in modified EVA and the highest grafted percentage is 18.8%.EVA-16,the new graft copolymer,is better than EVA about 3 ℃ more in depressant the pour-point of Daqing waxy crude oil.展开更多
Under normal water chemistry conditions, the oxygen and hydrogen peroxide produced by water radiolysis in the coolant of boiling water reactors(BWRs) can lead to intergranular stress corrosion cracking in the constitu...Under normal water chemistry conditions, the oxygen and hydrogen peroxide produced by water radiolysis in the coolant of boiling water reactors(BWRs) can lead to intergranular stress corrosion cracking in the constituent materials of plant components. This fact has led to the wide-scale adoption of hydrogen water chemistry(HWC) in the nuclear industry to counteract these effects.This study seeks to characterize the metallic composition and the surface properties of the constituent materials of plant components in order to determine their effects on the accumulation of chalk river unidentified deposits(crud) on fuel rods in the BWR Unit-1 of the Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy was used to calculate the concentrations of surface crud and gamma spectrometry was used to determine the radioactivity of the corrosion products, as well as their axial distribution across the surface of the fuel rods. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to identify the crystalline phase and morphology of the crud as irregular shapes and flakes. The amount of crud deposited during the fourth fuel cycle exceeded that of the third fuel cycle due to extended burn-up time. Our analytical results indicate that the implementation of HWC had no significant effect on the characteristics of subsequent crud.展开更多
The authors investigated the mechanism of crud formation in copper solvent extraction. It is indicated that pH value of solution and the phase ratio (O/A) are the main factors affecting crud formation in solvent extra...The authors investigated the mechanism of crud formation in copper solvent extraction. It is indicated that pH value of solution and the phase ratio (O/A) are the main factors affecting crud formation in solvent extraction. The amount of crud extraction increases with aqueous pH value increase, and reduces with the increase of the phase ratio. Fe 3+ , Mg 2+ , fine air bubble and suspended particulates in leaching solution contribute to crud formation. One case is that a series of reactions of hydrolization and polymerization occurs for Fe 3+ , while pH>2.5, polyhydric complex or Fe SO 4 complex are formed. Then the complex ions of FeOH 2+ , Fe 2(OH) 4+ 2 cause poly reaction, which is likely to lead emulsion. The study on Zeta potential indicates the repulsion between electriferous droplets in solvent extraction prevents phase coalescence, which is one of the major reasons for emulsion.展开更多
腐蚀产物在压水堆(Pressurized Water Reactor,PWR)锆合金表面沉积后会形成污垢(Chalk Rivers Unidentified Deposit,CRUD),降低燃料包壳换热能力,并对一回路放射性水平产生影响。注锌作为一种水化学调节方式,在国内外各核电站中正得到...腐蚀产物在压水堆(Pressurized Water Reactor,PWR)锆合金表面沉积后会形成污垢(Chalk Rivers Unidentified Deposit,CRUD),降低燃料包壳换热能力,并对一回路放射性水平产生影响。注锌作为一种水化学调节方式,在国内外各核电站中正得到越来越广泛地应用。CRUD主要成分为镍铁络合物,锌作为比镍铁更活泼的金属,可能通过置换反应改变CRUD成分、或在较高热流密度的环境下析出并与镍铁形成新的金属络合物。利用人造污垢实验设备,在与PWR服役工况相近的环境下开展了注锌对人造污垢影响实验,并采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electric Microscope,SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(X-ray Photoelectric Spectroscopy,XPS)对注锌前后CRUD的形貌、成分和氧化颗粒尺寸进行了分析。结果表明:锌主要在加热段的CRUD中析出;注锌后CRUD的镍铁比从0.58升高至0.65,氧化颗粒物孔隙率从30.15%降低至10.08%;相对于未注锌工况,CRUD开裂现象更为明显,微观形貌从疏松多孔状转变为较致密状态。本文研究成果为在运机组评估注锌对燃料性能的影响提供了参考依据。展开更多
The component-based business architecture integration of military information systems is a popu- lar research topic in the field of military operational research. Identifying enterprise-level business components is an...The component-based business architecture integration of military information systems is a popu- lar research topic in the field of military operational research. Identifying enterprise-level business components is an important issue in business architecture integration. Currently used methodologies for business component identification tend to focus on software-level business components, and ignore such enterprise concerns in business architectures as organizations and resources. Moreover, approaches to enterprise-level business component identi- fication have proven laborious. In this study, we propose a novel approach to enterprise-level business component identification by considering overall cohesion, coupling, granularity, maintainability, and reusability. We first define and formulate enterprise-level business components based on the component business model and the Department of Defense Architecture Framework （DoDAF） models. To quantify the indices of business components, we formulate a create, read, update, and delete （CRUD） matrix and use six metrics as criteria. We then formulate business com- ponent identification as a multi：objective optimization problem and solve it by a novel meta-heuristic optimization algorithm called the ＇simulated annealing hybrid genetic algorithm （SHGA）＇. Case studies showed that our approach is more practical and efficient for enterprise-level business component identification than prevalent approaches.展开更多
为提升核电站的经济效益,越来越多的机构开始研发更加高效的先进核燃料组件。当堆芯引入一种新型燃料组件时,堆芯中的两种组件就会形成混合堆芯。垢致轴向功率偏移(Crud Induced Power Shift,CIPS)作为影响核电安全运行的关键因素之一,...为提升核电站的经济效益,越来越多的机构开始研发更加高效的先进核燃料组件。当堆芯引入一种新型燃料组件时,堆芯中的两种组件就会形成混合堆芯。垢致轴向功率偏移(Crud Induced Power Shift,CIPS)作为影响核电安全运行的关键因素之一,其在混合堆芯中的研究也有着重要意义。本文针对某压水堆不同混合堆芯方案下的CIPS风险进行了分析评估,计算结果表明,当混合堆芯引入新型燃料组件较少时,CIPS风险变化较小;当引入较多新型燃料组件时,CIPS风险有所降低。研究结果为新型燃料组件入堆的安全评估提供了数据支撑,同时也为混合堆芯中CIPS风险评估提供了思路和参考。展开更多
基金This study is financially supported by the "973" National Basic Research of China (No. 2004CB619206).
文摘The influences of solid particles in leach solution on the formation of the third phase crud during solvent extraction of copper were studied. Analyzed from the point of view of pH value and surface tension, the study results showed that the solid particle is one of the most important contributors for the formation of the third phase crud. During solvent extraction, if the pH value was greater than 2.30, the number of solid particles in the mother solution increased, in which case the possibility of forming the third phase crud could also increase, and the interface tension value might grow in pace with the quantity of the third phase crud.
文摘EVA was widely used as the pour point depressant for waxy oil.In order to improve its effect,some graft copolymerization methods should be used to modify EVA's property.EVA has long side chains and nitrogen polar groups to enforce its adaptability and effect of waxy oil.The pure amine,maleicanhydride and their reaction product were tested using infrared spectra and the NMR spectral.The results show that when the modified EVA is added into oil,the wax deposits not only on the main chain but also on the side chains.And the polar groups have the function to avoid and resist the wax crystals connection each other to form the net.Using the reaction product of maleicanhydride and high carbonic amine(C12,C16,C18 amine) as the graft component,the toluene as the solvent and BPO as the initiator,the series of new EVA graft copolymer with special side chains are prepared under controlled condition.A series of cylmaleimide exist indeed in modified EVA and the highest grafted percentage is 18.8%.EVA-16,the new graft copolymer,is better than EVA about 3 ℃ more in depressant the pour-point of Daqing waxy crude oil.
文摘Under normal water chemistry conditions, the oxygen and hydrogen peroxide produced by water radiolysis in the coolant of boiling water reactors(BWRs) can lead to intergranular stress corrosion cracking in the constituent materials of plant components. This fact has led to the wide-scale adoption of hydrogen water chemistry(HWC) in the nuclear industry to counteract these effects.This study seeks to characterize the metallic composition and the surface properties of the constituent materials of plant components in order to determine their effects on the accumulation of chalk river unidentified deposits(crud) on fuel rods in the BWR Unit-1 of the Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy was used to calculate the concentrations of surface crud and gamma spectrometry was used to determine the radioactivity of the corrosion products, as well as their axial distribution across the surface of the fuel rods. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to identify the crystalline phase and morphology of the crud as irregular shapes and flakes. The amount of crud deposited during the fourth fuel cycle exceeded that of the third fuel cycle due to extended burn-up time. Our analytical results indicate that the implementation of HWC had no significant effect on the characteristics of subsequent crud.
文摘The authors investigated the mechanism of crud formation in copper solvent extraction. It is indicated that pH value of solution and the phase ratio (O/A) are the main factors affecting crud formation in solvent extraction. The amount of crud extraction increases with aqueous pH value increase, and reduces with the increase of the phase ratio. Fe 3+ , Mg 2+ , fine air bubble and suspended particulates in leaching solution contribute to crud formation. One case is that a series of reactions of hydrolization and polymerization occurs for Fe 3+ , while pH>2.5, polyhydric complex or Fe SO 4 complex are formed. Then the complex ions of FeOH 2+ , Fe 2(OH) 4+ 2 cause poly reaction, which is likely to lead emulsion. The study on Zeta potential indicates the repulsion between electriferous droplets in solvent extraction prevents phase coalescence, which is one of the major reasons for emulsion.
文摘腐蚀产物在压水堆(Pressurized Water Reactor,PWR)锆合金表面沉积后会形成污垢(Chalk Rivers Unidentified Deposit,CRUD),降低燃料包壳换热能力,并对一回路放射性水平产生影响。注锌作为一种水化学调节方式,在国内外各核电站中正得到越来越广泛地应用。CRUD主要成分为镍铁络合物,锌作为比镍铁更活泼的金属,可能通过置换反应改变CRUD成分、或在较高热流密度的环境下析出并与镍铁形成新的金属络合物。利用人造污垢实验设备,在与PWR服役工况相近的环境下开展了注锌对人造污垢影响实验,并采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electric Microscope,SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(X-ray Photoelectric Spectroscopy,XPS)对注锌前后CRUD的形貌、成分和氧化颗粒尺寸进行了分析。结果表明:锌主要在加热段的CRUD中析出;注锌后CRUD的镍铁比从0.58升高至0.65,氧化颗粒物孔隙率从30.15%降低至10.08%;相对于未注锌工况,CRUD开裂现象更为明显,微观形貌从疏松多孔状转变为较致密状态。本文研究成果为在运机组评估注锌对燃料性能的影响提供了参考依据。
基金Project supported by the National.Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 71571189）
文摘The component-based business architecture integration of military information systems is a popu- lar research topic in the field of military operational research. Identifying enterprise-level business components is an important issue in business architecture integration. Currently used methodologies for business component identification tend to focus on software-level business components, and ignore such enterprise concerns in business architectures as organizations and resources. Moreover, approaches to enterprise-level business component identi- fication have proven laborious. In this study, we propose a novel approach to enterprise-level business component identification by considering overall cohesion, coupling, granularity, maintainability, and reusability. We first define and formulate enterprise-level business components based on the component business model and the Department of Defense Architecture Framework （DoDAF） models. To quantify the indices of business components, we formulate a create, read, update, and delete （CRUD） matrix and use six metrics as criteria. We then formulate business com- ponent identification as a multi：objective optimization problem and solve it by a novel meta-heuristic optimization algorithm called the ＇simulated annealing hybrid genetic algorithm （SHGA）＇. Case studies showed that our approach is more practical and efficient for enterprise-level business component identification than prevalent approaches.
文摘为提升核电站的经济效益,越来越多的机构开始研发更加高效的先进核燃料组件。当堆芯引入一种新型燃料组件时,堆芯中的两种组件就会形成混合堆芯。垢致轴向功率偏移(Crud Induced Power Shift,CIPS)作为影响核电安全运行的关键因素之一,其在混合堆芯中的研究也有着重要意义。本文针对某压水堆不同混合堆芯方案下的CIPS风险进行了分析评估,计算结果表明,当混合堆芯引入新型燃料组件较少时,CIPS风险变化较小;当引入较多新型燃料组件时,CIPS风险有所降低。研究结果为新型燃料组件入堆的安全评估提供了数据支撑,同时也为混合堆芯中CIPS风险评估提供了思路和参考。
