Background The aim of this review was to summarize and identify the variations in the effectiveness of psychological interventions on adherence,metabolic control,and coping with stress in adolescents with type 1 diabe...Background The aim of this review was to summarize and identify the variations in the effectiveness of psychological interventions on adherence,metabolic control,and coping with stress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes(T1D).Methods An electronic search of literature was performed using PubMed(NLM),Embase(Ovid),CINAHL Plus(EBSCO-host),PsycINFO(Ovid),and Google Scholar.The search was limited to include articles reported the effect of one of the psychological interventions:cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT),coping skills training(CST),stress management,or psychotherapy intervention.The report included peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 1990 until May 2019in adolescents with T1D,and summarizes the results of 24 studies that met the inclusion criteria.Results Psychological interventions showed differential effects on adherence,metabolic control,and coping with stress in adolescents with T1D.Behavioral interventions using principles of CBT appear to have a superior positive effect on regimen adherence compared with other types of psychological protocols.In contrast,metabolic control was significantly improved with the implementation of CST and some forms of CBT.Stress management and psychotherapy interventions showed significant promises for adolescents to cope with their diabetes-related daily stressors.Conclusions However,the findings may add some promises to diabetes management in adolescents,additional research to understand the effect of these interventions is needed.展开更多
Type 2 diabetes mellitus contributes to poor health outcomes including mortality,yet there is a gap in the literature when seeking to understand the influence of psychosocial factors on coping in this population.The p...Type 2 diabetes mellitus contributes to poor health outcomes including mortality,yet there is a gap in the literature when seeking to understand the influence of psychosocial factors on coping in this population.The paper presents a systematic review of quantitative studies that examined relationships among psychosocial determinants and coping in adults with type 2 diabetes.This review is the second layer of knowledge discovery for the concept,"Taking on a life-altering change is a rhythmical journey of experiencing ups and downs on the way to acceptance." The life-altering change was determined to be a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes,the journey is the ups and downs of coping with the diagnosis as people work toward acceptance of type 2 diabetes.The review includes a synthesis of findings from 22 quantitative studies of psychosocial factors and coping in adults with type 2 diabetes.Anxiety,depression,stress,and diabetes distress were identified as key influential psychosocial factors.Increased social support was inversely related to emotional distress and coping styles were related to social well-being,psychological health,and physical health outcomes.The positive coping style of problem-focused coping was linked to improved psychological and physical health.Emotional responses to diagnosis were related to depression and anxiety.Negative coping styles of resignation,protest,or isolation were higher in women and linked to poorer quality of life,while avoidance was linked to increased diabetes-related distress and depressive symptoms.展开更多
Introduction: This study aimed to develop valid and reliable scale with the intention of measure Coping Self-efficacy (CSES) of Iranian type 2 diabetic patients. Patients and Methods: Validity and reliability of Irani...Introduction: This study aimed to develop valid and reliable scale with the intention of measure Coping Self-efficacy (CSES) of Iranian type 2 diabetic patients. Patients and Methods: Validity and reliability of Iranian version of Coping Self-efficacy Scale (CSES) were measured by a cross-sectional study. Content validity, reliability and cultural equivalency were appraised through qualitative and quantitative study on 260 participants who have type 2 diabetes. Results: Reliability and validity of the scale and its four subscales, such as “stop unpleasant emotions and thoughts” (a = 0.92) “used problem-focused coping” (a = 0.71), Self-efficacy on diabetes problem solving (a = 0.74) and “get support from friends and family” (a = 0.67) were approved explicitly by a psychometric analysis;these show that the scale was slightly valid and reliable on the study setting. An intraclass correlation coefficient was satisfactory (p < 0.001). Criterion validity between total scale and metabolic control Index (HbA1c) of type 2 diabetic patients was significant (p < 0.001) and showed indirect correlation with the domains of the scale. Conclusion: Study findings supported the reliability and validity of the Iranian version of new Coping Self-efficacy-24 for measuring Coping Selfefficacy among Iranian type 2 diabetic patients. Based on our finding, we would like to recommend appropriate interventions in the future.展开更多
In the previous work, the author introduces the physical metric for spherically symmetric and static metric which satisfies all the experimental tests of general relativity. This metric changes the nature of gravity f...In the previous work, the author introduces the physical metric for spherically symmetric and static metric which satisfies all the experimental tests of general relativity. This metric changes the nature of gravity for compact objects, such as black holes and neutron stars. It introduces the extended horizon which is 2.60 times of the Schwarzschild radius and plays a determinant role in the size of compact objects. This provides the prediction that the gravitational red shift z on the surface of compact objects is universal value of . None of the observed neutron stars rotate fast enough to change this prediction significantly. The gravity inside the extended horizon is repulsive. The effect of this repulsive force causes supernova explosion, high energy cosmic ray generation from AGN and explains the acceleration of the universe expansion.展开更多
文摘Background The aim of this review was to summarize and identify the variations in the effectiveness of psychological interventions on adherence,metabolic control,and coping with stress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes(T1D).Methods An electronic search of literature was performed using PubMed(NLM),Embase(Ovid),CINAHL Plus(EBSCO-host),PsycINFO(Ovid),and Google Scholar.The search was limited to include articles reported the effect of one of the psychological interventions:cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT),coping skills training(CST),stress management,or psychotherapy intervention.The report included peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 1990 until May 2019in adolescents with T1D,and summarizes the results of 24 studies that met the inclusion criteria.Results Psychological interventions showed differential effects on adherence,metabolic control,and coping with stress in adolescents with T1D.Behavioral interventions using principles of CBT appear to have a superior positive effect on regimen adherence compared with other types of psychological protocols.In contrast,metabolic control was significantly improved with the implementation of CST and some forms of CBT.Stress management and psychotherapy interventions showed significant promises for adolescents to cope with their diabetes-related daily stressors.Conclusions However,the findings may add some promises to diabetes management in adolescents,additional research to understand the effect of these interventions is needed.
基金Jonas Nurse Scholar Cohort 20182020 has received scholarship money that was matched by WVU as financial support for graduate school as I work on my PhD.
文摘Type 2 diabetes mellitus contributes to poor health outcomes including mortality,yet there is a gap in the literature when seeking to understand the influence of psychosocial factors on coping in this population.The paper presents a systematic review of quantitative studies that examined relationships among psychosocial determinants and coping in adults with type 2 diabetes.This review is the second layer of knowledge discovery for the concept,"Taking on a life-altering change is a rhythmical journey of experiencing ups and downs on the way to acceptance." The life-altering change was determined to be a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes,the journey is the ups and downs of coping with the diagnosis as people work toward acceptance of type 2 diabetes.The review includes a synthesis of findings from 22 quantitative studies of psychosocial factors and coping in adults with type 2 diabetes.Anxiety,depression,stress,and diabetes distress were identified as key influential psychosocial factors.Increased social support was inversely related to emotional distress and coping styles were related to social well-being,psychological health,and physical health outcomes.The positive coping style of problem-focused coping was linked to improved psychological and physical health.Emotional responses to diagnosis were related to depression and anxiety.Negative coping styles of resignation,protest,or isolation were higher in women and linked to poorer quality of life,while avoidance was linked to increased diabetes-related distress and depressive symptoms.
文摘Introduction: This study aimed to develop valid and reliable scale with the intention of measure Coping Self-efficacy (CSES) of Iranian type 2 diabetic patients. Patients and Methods: Validity and reliability of Iranian version of Coping Self-efficacy Scale (CSES) were measured by a cross-sectional study. Content validity, reliability and cultural equivalency were appraised through qualitative and quantitative study on 260 participants who have type 2 diabetes. Results: Reliability and validity of the scale and its four subscales, such as “stop unpleasant emotions and thoughts” (a = 0.92) “used problem-focused coping” (a = 0.71), Self-efficacy on diabetes problem solving (a = 0.74) and “get support from friends and family” (a = 0.67) were approved explicitly by a psychometric analysis;these show that the scale was slightly valid and reliable on the study setting. An intraclass correlation coefficient was satisfactory (p < 0.001). Criterion validity between total scale and metabolic control Index (HbA1c) of type 2 diabetic patients was significant (p < 0.001) and showed indirect correlation with the domains of the scale. Conclusion: Study findings supported the reliability and validity of the Iranian version of new Coping Self-efficacy-24 for measuring Coping Selfefficacy among Iranian type 2 diabetic patients. Based on our finding, we would like to recommend appropriate interventions in the future.
文摘In the previous work, the author introduces the physical metric for spherically symmetric and static metric which satisfies all the experimental tests of general relativity. This metric changes the nature of gravity for compact objects, such as black holes and neutron stars. It introduces the extended horizon which is 2.60 times of the Schwarzschild radius and plays a determinant role in the size of compact objects. This provides the prediction that the gravitational red shift z on the surface of compact objects is universal value of . None of the observed neutron stars rotate fast enough to change this prediction significantly. The gravity inside the extended horizon is repulsive. The effect of this repulsive force causes supernova explosion, high energy cosmic ray generation from AGN and explains the acceleration of the universe expansion.
