World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (C...World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.展开更多
We estimate the willingness to pay （WTP） of Beijing and Shanghai residents for improving the air quality of the two cities from their levels prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the level achieved during the O...We estimate the willingness to pay （WTP） of Beijing and Shanghai residents for improving the air quality of the two cities from their levels prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the level achieved during the Olympics. The data are obtained from a contingent valuation study conducted through face-to-face interviews in June 2008 in Beijing and Shanghai prior to the Beijing Olympics, during which time there was intensive debate about Beijing＇s air quality. Residents in both cities are willing to pay more when they are more exposed to air pollution, when their disposable income increases, and when they have stronger beliefs that public opinion plays an important role in government policy making. Beijing residents are willing to pay more than Shanghai residents, due possibly to Beijing＇s poorer air quality. Overall, aggregate WTP for air quality improvement accounts for about 0.53% of the 2008 GDP in Beijing and 0.22% of the 2008 GDP in Shanghai.展开更多
We examined the Hulun Lake protected area（HLPA）and tourist willingness to pay（WTP）for ecotourism resources using the contingent valuation method（CVM）.Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed in the HLPA and...We examined the Hulun Lake protected area（HLPA）and tourist willingness to pay（WTP）for ecotourism resources using the contingent valuation method（CVM）.Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed in the HLPA and 708 questionnaires were collected.To establish the relationship between variables and WTP,11 variables were incorporated into the model.Social trust factors and awareness factor were for the first time applied to the models,and two bid equations were obtained by the first and second bid.We found that tourist WTP for ecotourism resources in the HLPA was CNY 14 710 389 in 2010,indicating that tourists have a large WTP for protected area ecotourism resources.Most tourists（79.9%）were willing to pay for ecotourism resources and 21.1%tourists were unwilling to pay.The most common explanation for unwillingness to pay was that it was the government’s responsibility,influenced by special social and economic characteristics in China and indicating that Chinese residents lack resource protection awareness and participation.Income and the awareness of being in a protected area most significantly affected WTP.Trusting protected area authorities significantly affected WTP.Tourists’satisfaction affected WTP negatively in the first equation and WTP positively in the second equation.These results reveal that tourists had large WTP for ecotourism resources.To improve the WTP for ecotourism resources,the protected area management department could use third-party monitoring mechanisms and accounting systems to strengthen tourists’trust,and increase ecological education and modify the＂one site,several brands＂management system.展开更多
Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given ...Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given so far only to the market value of mountain goods and services, ignoring the true social and environmental costs of using mountain resources. Towards this direction, the use of non-market valuation techniques could prove to be beneficial. Bearing in mind the above remarks, the paper presents an application of the Contingent Valuation Method, which aims at estimating the monetary value of a mountain settlement’s vernacular architecture, namely Metsovo. For this purpose, the survey focuses on Metsovo visitors’ willingness to pay a single annual voluntary contribution to an institution that would be founded in order to undertake all necessary actions required to preserve the town’s traditional character. The results are very promising and indicate that vernacular architecture holds a significant economic value that could justify the implementation of appropriate policies towards the protection of vernacular settlements in mountain areas.展开更多
Water quality in China has seriously deteriorated in recent years. However, very few valuation studies have been conducted to estimate the monetary values associated with water quality changes. As a result, the decisi...Water quality in China has seriously deteriorated in recent years. However, very few valuation studies have been conducted to estimate the monetary values associated with water quality changes. As a result, the decision makers can hardly make rational choices with regard to investments in water quality improvement. This paper presents a valuation study conducted in Dali, Yunnan Province, which aims to estimate the total economic value of improving the water quality of Erhai Lake by one grade level. Both the contingent valuation method and the benefit transfer approach are employed in this study. The contingent valuation estimation strategy reveals that, on average, a household located in Dali is willing to pay about 27 yuan per month continuously for 5 years for the water quality improvement, equivalent to 1.7% of the household monthly income. The elasticity of willingness-to-pay with respect to income is estimated to be 0.28. The internal rate of economic return of the proposed pollution control project is estimated to be 13%. The benefit transfer exercise produces a similar estimation on willingness to pay （WTP） values, with a difference of less than 2% compared with the contingent valuation approach. The results indicate the potential reliability of using the benefit transfer approach for valuation estimations in Chinese provinces.展开更多
The importance of valuing environmental resources,especially in ecotourism sites,has become increasingly important over the last two decades.Ecotourism is now considered as an important source of livelihood of local s...The importance of valuing environmental resources,especially in ecotourism sites,has become increasingly important over the last two decades.Ecotourism is now considered as an important source of livelihood of local stakeholders in backward regions.Therefore,the preservation of ecotourism sites through community participation seems very important to maintain continued flow of tourists.This study aimed at recognizing the importance of community participation for the preservation of ecotourism sites.For this,this study executed a survey based on non-probability sampling in two ecotourism sites(Garpanchkot and Baranti)covering 100 respondents in Purulia District,West Bengal of India.The central issue of this study was to assess the tendency of community participation for the conservation of ecotourism sites and find the optimum condition for offering participatory labour time.This study showed that the participation of young people is high,and the majority of respondents are aware of the importance in protecting ecotourism sites.Because respondents were too poor to offer money,the contingent valuation method(CVM)was used to elicit their willingness to pay(WTP)participatory labour time for the conservation of ecotourism sites.Respondents’age,income,education level,caste,and their perceived environmental quality had significant relationship with their WTP participatory labour time by applying the ordinary least square(OLS)model.It was found that the mean WTP participatory labour time of each respondent in a month is approximately 3.64 h.The significance of this study is that community participation can improve the sense of belonging,trust,and credibility of ecotourism sites,making them more appreciative of the value and protection of these sites.展开更多
Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services a...Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology.The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’willingness to pay,work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park,and to analyze the relationship between residents’attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey.The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)was employed to determine the willingness.The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP,WTW,WTA,socio-demFographical information,social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties.Based on generalized linear modeling,income and education level are important for residents’WTP and WTA,but other social characteristics,such as gender and age,do not have significant effects.The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’willingness,despite the limitation on education level.Also,government funding is associated with residents’inclination to WTP,WTW and WTA,but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities.The estimated WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10^(7) yuan,1.247×10^(6) hours and 2.3232×10^(7) yuan yr^(-1) based on the survey and published demographics.This study,for the first time,estimates the WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers.Ultimately,to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development,compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent,and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively su展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Sino-British Fellowship by the British Academy (No. SG-47266)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371030)
文摘World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.
基金The paper is supported by the MOE （Ministry of Education in China） Project of Humanities and Social Sciences （No. 09YJC790182） and by the National Social Science Foundation of China （No. 10AZD015）. We thank Max Auffhammer, Soren Anderson, Li Gan, Timo Goeschl, Joe Herriges, Cathy Kling, Kerry Smith, and participants at the Global Environmental Challenges： the Role of China conference for their helpful comments. We thank Min Wang for excellent research assistance, Chunguang Cai, Ye Chen, and Jingjing Sun for help with focus groups, and the Beijing and Shanghai Branches of the National Statistics Bureau of China for assistance in implementation of our survey instruments. The usual disclaimer applies.
文摘We estimate the willingness to pay （WTP） of Beijing and Shanghai residents for improving the air quality of the two cities from their levels prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the level achieved during the Olympics. The data are obtained from a contingent valuation study conducted through face-to-face interviews in June 2008 in Beijing and Shanghai prior to the Beijing Olympics, during which time there was intensive debate about Beijing＇s air quality. Residents in both cities are willing to pay more when they are more exposed to air pollution, when their disposable income increases, and when they have stronger beliefs that public opinion plays an important role in government policy making. Beijing residents are willing to pay more than Shanghai residents, due possibly to Beijing＇s poorer air quality. Overall, aggregate WTP for air quality improvement accounts for about 0.53% of the 2008 GDP in Beijing and 0.22% of the 2008 GDP in Shanghai.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41301623,41671527)the China National Tourism Administration Tourism Young Expert Training Program(TYETP201519)the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
文摘We examined the Hulun Lake protected area（HLPA）and tourist willingness to pay（WTP）for ecotourism resources using the contingent valuation method（CVM）.Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed in the HLPA and 708 questionnaires were collected.To establish the relationship between variables and WTP,11 variables were incorporated into the model.Social trust factors and awareness factor were for the first time applied to the models,and two bid equations were obtained by the first and second bid.We found that tourist WTP for ecotourism resources in the HLPA was CNY 14 710 389 in 2010,indicating that tourists have a large WTP for protected area ecotourism resources.Most tourists（79.9%）were willing to pay for ecotourism resources and 21.1%tourists were unwilling to pay.The most common explanation for unwillingness to pay was that it was the government’s responsibility,influenced by special social and economic characteristics in China and indicating that Chinese residents lack resource protection awareness and participation.Income and the awareness of being in a protected area most significantly affected WTP.Trusting protected area authorities significantly affected WTP.Tourists’satisfaction affected WTP negatively in the first equation and WTP positively in the second equation.These results reveal that tourists had large WTP for ecotourism resources.To improve the WTP for ecotourism resources,the protected area management department could use third-party monitoring mechanisms and accounting systems to strengthen tourists’trust,and increase ecological education and modify the＂one site,several brands＂management system.
文摘Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given so far only to the market value of mountain goods and services, ignoring the true social and environmental costs of using mountain resources. Towards this direction, the use of non-market valuation techniques could prove to be beneficial. Bearing in mind the above remarks, the paper presents an application of the Contingent Valuation Method, which aims at estimating the monetary value of a mountain settlement’s vernacular architecture, namely Metsovo. For this purpose, the survey focuses on Metsovo visitors’ willingness to pay a single annual voluntary contribution to an institution that would be founded in order to undertake all necessary actions required to preserve the town’s traditional character. The results are very promising and indicate that vernacular architecture holds a significant economic value that could justify the implementation of appropriate policies towards the protection of vernacular settlements in mountain areas.
文摘Water quality in China has seriously deteriorated in recent years. However, very few valuation studies have been conducted to estimate the monetary values associated with water quality changes. As a result, the decision makers can hardly make rational choices with regard to investments in water quality improvement. This paper presents a valuation study conducted in Dali, Yunnan Province, which aims to estimate the total economic value of improving the water quality of Erhai Lake by one grade level. Both the contingent valuation method and the benefit transfer approach are employed in this study. The contingent valuation estimation strategy reveals that, on average, a household located in Dali is willing to pay about 27 yuan per month continuously for 5 years for the water quality improvement, equivalent to 1.7% of the household monthly income. The elasticity of willingness-to-pay with respect to income is estimated to be 0.28. The internal rate of economic return of the proposed pollution control project is estimated to be 13%. The benefit transfer exercise produces a similar estimation on willingness to pay （WTP） values, with a difference of less than 2% compared with the contingent valuation approach. The results indicate the potential reliability of using the benefit transfer approach for valuation estimations in Chinese provinces.
文摘The importance of valuing environmental resources,especially in ecotourism sites,has become increasingly important over the last two decades.Ecotourism is now considered as an important source of livelihood of local stakeholders in backward regions.Therefore,the preservation of ecotourism sites through community participation seems very important to maintain continued flow of tourists.This study aimed at recognizing the importance of community participation for the preservation of ecotourism sites.For this,this study executed a survey based on non-probability sampling in two ecotourism sites(Garpanchkot and Baranti)covering 100 respondents in Purulia District,West Bengal of India.The central issue of this study was to assess the tendency of community participation for the conservation of ecotourism sites and find the optimum condition for offering participatory labour time.This study showed that the participation of young people is high,and the majority of respondents are aware of the importance in protecting ecotourism sites.Because respondents were too poor to offer money,the contingent valuation method(CVM)was used to elicit their willingness to pay(WTP)participatory labour time for the conservation of ecotourism sites.Respondents’age,income,education level,caste,and their perceived environmental quality had significant relationship with their WTP participatory labour time by applying the ordinary least square(OLS)model.It was found that the mean WTP participatory labour time of each respondent in a month is approximately 3.64 h.The significance of this study is that community participation can improve the sense of belonging,trust,and credibility of ecotourism sites,making them more appreciative of the value and protection of these sites.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFC0506501)The Program for Ecological Innovation Team in Minzu University of China(2020CXTD02)。
文摘Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology.The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’willingness to pay,work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park,and to analyze the relationship between residents’attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey.The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)was employed to determine the willingness.The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP,WTW,WTA,socio-demFographical information,social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties.Based on generalized linear modeling,income and education level are important for residents’WTP and WTA,but other social characteristics,such as gender and age,do not have significant effects.The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’willingness,despite the limitation on education level.Also,government funding is associated with residents’inclination to WTP,WTW and WTA,but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities.The estimated WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10^(7) yuan,1.247×10^(6) hours and 2.3232×10^(7) yuan yr^(-1) based on the survey and published demographics.This study,for the first time,estimates the WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers.Ultimately,to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development,compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent,and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively su
