The problem of solid waste landfills on Caspian Sea coastlines is one of the current concerns of the Iranian environmental authorities. Physical and environmental constraints as well as shortcomings in present municip...The problem of solid waste landfills on Caspian Sea coastlines is one of the current concerns of the Iranian environmental authorities. Physical and environmental constraints as well as shortcomings in present municipal solid waste management are the main factors for environmental pollution and natural resources destruction in this geographical region. In order to reduce the above problems, this study has been carried out on the basis of a comparative assessment of the existing condition of landfill sites in natural ecosystems. In this study, 48 cities of the region have been investigated. All of them are located in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. Total daily waste production in the study area is about 1209 tons that are dumped in open spaces and/or in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Surveying of 53 physical, adaptability and constraint parameters as well as hygiene and environmental parameters in the landfills, based on “Monavari-94 Method” indicate that the main problem in all of them is a high groundwater table. In 42% of landfills, the groundwater level is between from 0.5 to 2 meters. This phenomenon may cause severe risks due to the infiltration of leachate into potable groundwater. Indeed, the results of the study show that 87.5% of the landfills are located in areas with unacceptable conditions. In spite of geographical and environmental problems and constraints and as a final alternative in this respect, the need for sanitary and technical solid waste management is the main need of the study areas.展开更多
By recording nocturnally migrating passerines with tracking radar we have investigated how coastlines affect the migrants＇ flight paths. Birds could use coastlines as an orientation aid or as a reference cue to compe...By recording nocturnally migrating passerines with tracking radar we have investigated how coastlines affect the migrants＇ flight paths. Birds could use coastlines as an orientation aid or as a reference cue to compensate for wind drift while mi- grating. However, on the small scale of Falsterbo Peninsula in southern Sweden, we found very little effect of coastlines on migrants flight paths, irrespective of altitude. We tracked 2 930 migrants in three autumn and two spring seasons, at altitudes from 60 up to 3 000 meters. We compared tracks of migrants flying in three different areas, which correspond to the three main coastlines, and can demonstrate that the orientation of the tracks did not differ in a way consistent with the coastlines between the areas in autumn, and showed only a slight effect in spring. This is in accordance with earlier infrared device monitoring in Falsterbo, but contrary to earlier visual observations. It supports the view of nocturnally migrating passerines as mainly broad-front migrants. Even though the coastlines on the scale of the peninsula affected the flight paths very little, it is possible that the coastline has an effect on a larger regional scale, by migrants avoiding long sea crossings and thereby being funneled towards the peninsula, but this remains to be investigated [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 660-669, 2014].展开更多
利用多种观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料,对比分析了浙东冬季和夏季两次强雷暴过程中的各种环境条件,结果表明:以对流有效位能CAPE表达的深厚湿对流潜势条件夏季个例的比冬季的好,二者分别为1148 J·kg^(-1)和490 J·kg^(-1)。冬...利用多种观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料,对比分析了浙东冬季和夏季两次强雷暴过程中的各种环境条件,结果表明:以对流有效位能CAPE表达的深厚湿对流潜势条件夏季个例的比冬季的好,二者分别为1148 J·kg^(-1)和490 J·kg^(-1)。冬季个例的动力抬升条件更好:低层到地面受冷锋影响;700、850 h Pa因急流风向风速的不连续而产生较强的辐合;500 h Pa处于长波槽前的上升气流中,最大的垂直速度达1.1 Pa·s^(-1)。两次过程的共同特点是强回波分布与地面θ_(se)高值区和切变线叠加区对应关系比较好,为雷暴系统的临近预报提供了重要线索。地面有冷锋影响时,要考虑冷锋入海后风力加大,地面辐合加强,使对流发展。由海陆不同比热属性造成的海陆之间白天和夜间的不同温差,对白天和夜晚系统入海后的强度变化有不一样的影响。10个浙东冬季雷暴个例天气形势分析结果表明,冬季雷暴的共同特点是都有冷暖空气在浙东强烈交汇,华南到华东中低层有很强的西南急流,850 h Pa最大风速达到20 m·s^(-1)以上。两季雷暴各种对流参数对比分析结果显示,冬季雷暴比较好的预报指标是总指数和垂直风切变,重点关注西南急流的强度、冷锋和850-500 h Pa的对流稳定性及动力抬升条件。展开更多
文摘The problem of solid waste landfills on Caspian Sea coastlines is one of the current concerns of the Iranian environmental authorities. Physical and environmental constraints as well as shortcomings in present municipal solid waste management are the main factors for environmental pollution and natural resources destruction in this geographical region. In order to reduce the above problems, this study has been carried out on the basis of a comparative assessment of the existing condition of landfill sites in natural ecosystems. In this study, 48 cities of the region have been investigated. All of them are located in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. Total daily waste production in the study area is about 1209 tons that are dumped in open spaces and/or in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Surveying of 53 physical, adaptability and constraint parameters as well as hygiene and environmental parameters in the landfills, based on “Monavari-94 Method” indicate that the main problem in all of them is a high groundwater table. In 42% of landfills, the groundwater level is between from 0.5 to 2 meters. This phenomenon may cause severe risks due to the infiltration of leachate into potable groundwater. Indeed, the results of the study show that 87.5% of the landfills are located in areas with unacceptable conditions. In spite of geographical and environmental problems and constraints and as a final alternative in this respect, the need for sanitary and technical solid waste management is the main need of the study areas.
文摘By recording nocturnally migrating passerines with tracking radar we have investigated how coastlines affect the migrants＇ flight paths. Birds could use coastlines as an orientation aid or as a reference cue to compensate for wind drift while mi- grating. However, on the small scale of Falsterbo Peninsula in southern Sweden, we found very little effect of coastlines on migrants flight paths, irrespective of altitude. We tracked 2 930 migrants in three autumn and two spring seasons, at altitudes from 60 up to 3 000 meters. We compared tracks of migrants flying in three different areas, which correspond to the three main coastlines, and can demonstrate that the orientation of the tracks did not differ in a way consistent with the coastlines between the areas in autumn, and showed only a slight effect in spring. This is in accordance with earlier infrared device monitoring in Falsterbo, but contrary to earlier visual observations. It supports the view of nocturnally migrating passerines as mainly broad-front migrants. Even though the coastlines on the scale of the peninsula affected the flight paths very little, it is possible that the coastline has an effect on a larger regional scale, by migrants avoiding long sea crossings and thereby being funneled towards the peninsula, but this remains to be investigated [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 660-669, 2014].
文摘利用多种观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料,对比分析了浙东冬季和夏季两次强雷暴过程中的各种环境条件,结果表明:以对流有效位能CAPE表达的深厚湿对流潜势条件夏季个例的比冬季的好,二者分别为1148 J·kg^(-1)和490 J·kg^(-1)。冬季个例的动力抬升条件更好:低层到地面受冷锋影响;700、850 h Pa因急流风向风速的不连续而产生较强的辐合;500 h Pa处于长波槽前的上升气流中,最大的垂直速度达1.1 Pa·s^(-1)。两次过程的共同特点是强回波分布与地面θ_(se)高值区和切变线叠加区对应关系比较好,为雷暴系统的临近预报提供了重要线索。地面有冷锋影响时,要考虑冷锋入海后风力加大,地面辐合加强,使对流发展。由海陆不同比热属性造成的海陆之间白天和夜间的不同温差,对白天和夜晚系统入海后的强度变化有不一样的影响。10个浙东冬季雷暴个例天气形势分析结果表明,冬季雷暴的共同特点是都有冷暖空气在浙东强烈交汇,华南到华东中低层有很强的西南急流,850 h Pa最大风速达到20 m·s^(-1)以上。两季雷暴各种对流参数对比分析结果显示,冬季雷暴比较好的预报指标是总指数和垂直风切变,重点关注西南急流的强度、冷锋和850-500 h Pa的对流稳定性及动力抬升条件。
