This paper describes the problem of doing description logic （DL） reasoning with partially closed world. The issue was addressed by extending the syntax of DL SROIQ with an NBox, which specifies the predicates to clo...This paper describes the problem of doing description logic （DL） reasoning with partially closed world. The issue was addressed by extending the syntax of DL SROIQ with an NBox, which specifies the predicates to close, extending the semantics with the idea of negation as failure, reducing the closed world reasoning to incremental reasoning on classical DL ontologies, and applying the syntactic approximation technology to improve the reasoning performance. Compared with the existing DBox approach, which corresponds to the relation database, the NBox approach supports deduction on closed concepts and roles. Also, the approximate reasoning can reduce reasoning complexity from N2EXPTIME-complete to PTIME-complete while preserving the correctness of reasoning for ontologies with certain properties.展开更多
The least massive fermion generation is attributed to an analogue of Weyl curvature which occurs when a closed, spin-string sweeps out a closed world tube: , where S represents string length. A second order tube and c...The least massive fermion generation is attributed to an analogue of Weyl curvature which occurs when a closed, spin-string sweeps out a closed world tube: , where S represents string length. A second order tube and consequent second order fermion mass are associated with a closed tube which circulates and itself sweeps out a closed tube: . Finally a Kth order tube and kth order fermion generation are associated with the general expression . By hypothesis six world tube orders establish an SU(3) symmetry and each closed tube interacts with a SUGRA connection of spin-. Such connections can either be photon-fermion composites or composites that consist strictly of fermions. Interactions that involve no photons are, by hypothesis unobserved and are therefore associated with closed world tubes that are classified as dark mass-energy. It is demonstrated that interactions involving ordinary mass-energy are identities (e.g. interactions that are incapable of generating the proposed SU(3) symmetry). It is therefore concluded that dark mass-energy is a necessary condition for the SU(3) symmetry that by hypothesis characterizes the proposed model. Since 95% of the mass-energy in the universe is regarded as dark, the total mass-energy that constitutes the proposed SU(3) symmetry can be calculated as , where QL is a left-handed quark, where ΨL is a left-handed spin particle and where is a right-handed anti-lepton. Thus the mass-energy that is associated with the wave is about 1067 GeV/c2 (the approximate mass of a typical galaxy). This wave is regarded by hypothesis as a single galactic unit and as the ground state of a large-scale quantization;i.e. as the ground state of a series of abstract waves which mimic de Broglie waves in the sense that the ground state is a wave of one anti-node which oscillates about a wave length that parallels a geodesic on a smallest abstract spherical shell. The first excited state is a wave of two anti-nodes that oscillate about a wave length that parallels a geodesic on the second smalles展开更多
In this paper, the relationship between argumentation and closed world reasoning for disjunctive information is studied. In particular, the authors propose a simple and intuitive generalization of the closed world ass...In this paper, the relationship between argumentation and closed world reasoning for disjunctive information is studied. In particular, the authors propose a simple and intuitive generalization of the closed world assumption (CWA) for general disjunctive deductive databases (with default negation). This semantics, called DCWA, allows a natural argumentation-based interpretation and can be used to represent reasoning for disjunctive information. We compare DCWA with GCWA and prove that DCWA extends Minker's GCWA to the class of disjunctive databases with default negation. Also we compare our semantics with some related approaches. In addition, the computational complexity of DCWA is investigated.展开更多
基金Supported by the European Project Marrying Ontologies and Soft-ware Technologies (MOST,EUICT 2008-216691)
文摘This paper describes the problem of doing description logic （DL） reasoning with partially closed world. The issue was addressed by extending the syntax of DL SROIQ with an NBox, which specifies the predicates to close, extending the semantics with the idea of negation as failure, reducing the closed world reasoning to incremental reasoning on classical DL ontologies, and applying the syntactic approximation technology to improve the reasoning performance. Compared with the existing DBox approach, which corresponds to the relation database, the NBox approach supports deduction on closed concepts and roles. Also, the approximate reasoning can reduce reasoning complexity from N2EXPTIME-complete to PTIME-complete while preserving the correctness of reasoning for ontologies with certain properties.
文摘The least massive fermion generation is attributed to an analogue of Weyl curvature which occurs when a closed, spin-string sweeps out a closed world tube: , where S represents string length. A second order tube and consequent second order fermion mass are associated with a closed tube which circulates and itself sweeps out a closed tube: . Finally a Kth order tube and kth order fermion generation are associated with the general expression . By hypothesis six world tube orders establish an SU(3) symmetry and each closed tube interacts with a SUGRA connection of spin-. Such connections can either be photon-fermion composites or composites that consist strictly of fermions. Interactions that involve no photons are, by hypothesis unobserved and are therefore associated with closed world tubes that are classified as dark mass-energy. It is demonstrated that interactions involving ordinary mass-energy are identities (e.g. interactions that are incapable of generating the proposed SU(3) symmetry). It is therefore concluded that dark mass-energy is a necessary condition for the SU(3) symmetry that by hypothesis characterizes the proposed model. Since 95% of the mass-energy in the universe is regarded as dark, the total mass-energy that constitutes the proposed SU(3) symmetry can be calculated as , where QL is a left-handed quark, where ΨL is a left-handed spin particle and where is a right-handed anti-lepton. Thus the mass-energy that is associated with the wave is about 1067 GeV/c2 (the approximate mass of a typical galaxy). This wave is regarded by hypothesis as a single galactic unit and as the ground state of a large-scale quantization;i.e. as the ground state of a series of abstract waves which mimic de Broglie waves in the sense that the ground state is a wave of one anti-node which oscillates about a wave length that parallels a geodesic on a smallest abstract spherical shell. The first excited state is a wave of two anti-nodes that oscillate about a wave length that parallels a geodesic on the second smalles
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.69883008,No.69773027), and in part by the NKBRSF of China (No.1999032704)
文摘In this paper, the relationship between argumentation and closed world reasoning for disjunctive information is studied. In particular, the authors propose a simple and intuitive generalization of the closed world assumption (CWA) for general disjunctive deductive databases (with default negation). This semantics, called DCWA, allows a natural argumentation-based interpretation and can be used to represent reasoning for disjunctive information. We compare DCWA with GCWA and prove that DCWA extends Minker's GCWA to the class of disjunctive databases with default negation. Also we compare our semantics with some related approaches. In addition, the computational complexity of DCWA is investigated.
