This paper aims to inquire into an objectively authentic budget constraint in a monetary economy through showing two missing problems of the monetary budget constraint and their solutions. To start with, we show the f...This paper aims to inquire into an objectively authentic budget constraint in a monetary economy through showing two missing problems of the monetary budget constraint and their solutions. To start with, we show the first missing problem that money is “missing” if all agents expend their total budgets under the simple budget constraint. This problem shows that the simple budget constraint is inadequate as an objective monetary budget constraint. A deficiency of the simple budget constraint exists partly in that it does not reflect money circulation. To improve this deficiency, we incorporate the expenditure reflux formula into the simple constraint. The first missing problem is partially solved by the application of this reflux budget constraint, but another problem occurs. The new problem is that infinite expenditure is permitted under this constraint. This is the second missing problem. The second problem appears to be a variation of the solvability problem of the money circulation equation. Referring to the proof of the solvability, we incorporate a time irreversible disposal into the budget constraint. This irreversibility budget constraint brings us a provisional solution of the missing problems. However, it should not be called a perfect solution. We also examine the relationships between our research and two previous studies: the finance constraint and the cash-in-advance model.展开更多
In a monetary economy, expenditure induces revenue for each agent. We call this the revenue induction phenomenon. Moreover, in a special case, part of the expenditure by an agent returns as their own revenue. We call ...In a monetary economy, expenditure induces revenue for each agent. We call this the revenue induction phenomenon. Moreover, in a special case, part of the expenditure by an agent returns as their own revenue. We call this the expenditure reflux phenomenon. Although the existence of these phenomena is known from the olden days, this paper aims to achieve a more precise quantification of them. We first derive the revenue induction formula through solving the partial money circulation equation. Then, for a special case, we derive the expenditure reflux formula. Furthermore, this paper defines the revenue induction coefficient and the expenditure reflux coefficient, which are the key concepts for understanding the two formulas, and examines their range.展开更多
文摘This paper aims to inquire into an objectively authentic budget constraint in a monetary economy through showing two missing problems of the monetary budget constraint and their solutions. To start with, we show the first missing problem that money is “missing” if all agents expend their total budgets under the simple budget constraint. This problem shows that the simple budget constraint is inadequate as an objective monetary budget constraint. A deficiency of the simple budget constraint exists partly in that it does not reflect money circulation. To improve this deficiency, we incorporate the expenditure reflux formula into the simple constraint. The first missing problem is partially solved by the application of this reflux budget constraint, but another problem occurs. The new problem is that infinite expenditure is permitted under this constraint. This is the second missing problem. The second problem appears to be a variation of the solvability problem of the money circulation equation. Referring to the proof of the solvability, we incorporate a time irreversible disposal into the budget constraint. This irreversibility budget constraint brings us a provisional solution of the missing problems. However, it should not be called a perfect solution. We also examine the relationships between our research and two previous studies: the finance constraint and the cash-in-advance model.
文摘In a monetary economy, expenditure induces revenue for each agent. We call this the revenue induction phenomenon. Moreover, in a special case, part of the expenditure by an agent returns as their own revenue. We call this the expenditure reflux phenomenon. Although the existence of these phenomena is known from the olden days, this paper aims to achieve a more precise quantification of them. We first derive the revenue induction formula through solving the partial money circulation equation. Then, for a special case, we derive the expenditure reflux formula. Furthermore, this paper defines the revenue induction coefficient and the expenditure reflux coefficient, which are the key concepts for understanding the two formulas, and examines their range.
