Cirrhosis causes a heavy global burden.In this review,we summarized up-todate epidemiological features of cirrhosis and its complications.Recent epidemiological studies reported an increase in the prevalence of cirrho...Cirrhosis causes a heavy global burden.In this review,we summarized up-todate epidemiological features of cirrhosis and its complications.Recent epidemiological studies reported an increase in the prevalence of cirrhosis in 2017 compared to in 1990 in both men and women,with 5.2 million cases of cirrhosis and chronic liver disease occurring in 2017.Cirrhosis caused 1.48 million deaths in 2019,an increase of 8.1%compared to 2017.Disability-adjusted life-years due to cirrhosis ranked 16th among all diseases and 7th in people aged 50-74 years in 2019.The global burden of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-associated cirrhosis is decreasing,while the burden of cirrhosis due to alcohol and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is increasing rapidly.We described the current epidemiology of the major complications of cirrhosis,including ascites,variceal bleeding,hepatic encephalopathy,renal disorders,and infections.We also summarized the epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.In the future,NAFLD-related cirrhosis will likely become more common due to the prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes,and the prevalence of alcohol-induced cirrhosis is increasing.This altered epidemiology should be clinically noted,and relevant interventions should be undertaken.展开更多
Background: Urinary retention is one of the common urologic emergencies constituting a significant workload of urologists and non-urologists alike. Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to identify the causes...Background: Urinary retention is one of the common urologic emergencies constituting a significant workload of urologists and non-urologists alike. Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to identify the causes and complications associated with urinary retention in adult male patients at AKTH, Kano. Patients and Methods: It was a prospective hospital-based study of 110 consecutive adult male patients who presented to Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano with urinary retention over 12 months. On presentation, a brief history was taken and rapid physical examination done;the urinary retention was relieved by urethral catheterization or suprapubic cystostomy. A detailed history and thorough physical examination findings were later obtained. Results: One hundred and ten patients were seen during the study period. There ages ranged from 17 to100 years with a mean of 56 ± 19.3 SD years. Patients within the age range 55 - 74 years accounted for the largest group, (25.5% + 23.6% = 49.1%). The most common cause of urinary retention in this study was benign prostatic hyperplasia (51.8% of the patients). This was followed by urethral stricture (20%), cancer of the prostate (7.3%), urethral injury (7.3%) and bladder tumour (6.4%). More than half of the patients (53.4%) presented with acute urinary retention, 30.5% presented with chronic urinary retention, and 16.1% were diagnosed to have acute-on-chronic urinary retention. The complications of urinary retention found were: urinary tract infection (in 24.5% of patients), renal impairment (14.5%), and anaemia (11.8%). Conclusion: Urinary retention is commoner among the middle aged and the elderly. Benign prostatic hyperplasia remains the leading cause of urinary retention. Acute urinary retention was the commonest type of urinary retention;however, complications due to the retention were associated with chronic and acute-on-chronic urinary retention.展开更多
文摘Cirrhosis causes a heavy global burden.In this review,we summarized up-todate epidemiological features of cirrhosis and its complications.Recent epidemiological studies reported an increase in the prevalence of cirrhosis in 2017 compared to in 1990 in both men and women,with 5.2 million cases of cirrhosis and chronic liver disease occurring in 2017.Cirrhosis caused 1.48 million deaths in 2019,an increase of 8.1%compared to 2017.Disability-adjusted life-years due to cirrhosis ranked 16th among all diseases and 7th in people aged 50-74 years in 2019.The global burden of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-associated cirrhosis is decreasing,while the burden of cirrhosis due to alcohol and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is increasing rapidly.We described the current epidemiology of the major complications of cirrhosis,including ascites,variceal bleeding,hepatic encephalopathy,renal disorders,and infections.We also summarized the epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.In the future,NAFLD-related cirrhosis will likely become more common due to the prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes,and the prevalence of alcohol-induced cirrhosis is increasing.This altered epidemiology should be clinically noted,and relevant interventions should be undertaken.
文摘Background: Urinary retention is one of the common urologic emergencies constituting a significant workload of urologists and non-urologists alike. Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to identify the causes and complications associated with urinary retention in adult male patients at AKTH, Kano. Patients and Methods: It was a prospective hospital-based study of 110 consecutive adult male patients who presented to Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano with urinary retention over 12 months. On presentation, a brief history was taken and rapid physical examination done;the urinary retention was relieved by urethral catheterization or suprapubic cystostomy. A detailed history and thorough physical examination findings were later obtained. Results: One hundred and ten patients were seen during the study period. There ages ranged from 17 to100 years with a mean of 56 ± 19.3 SD years. Patients within the age range 55 - 74 years accounted for the largest group, (25.5% + 23.6% = 49.1%). The most common cause of urinary retention in this study was benign prostatic hyperplasia (51.8% of the patients). This was followed by urethral stricture (20%), cancer of the prostate (7.3%), urethral injury (7.3%) and bladder tumour (6.4%). More than half of the patients (53.4%) presented with acute urinary retention, 30.5% presented with chronic urinary retention, and 16.1% were diagnosed to have acute-on-chronic urinary retention. The complications of urinary retention found were: urinary tract infection (in 24.5% of patients), renal impairment (14.5%), and anaemia (11.8%). Conclusion: Urinary retention is commoner among the middle aged and the elderly. Benign prostatic hyperplasia remains the leading cause of urinary retention. Acute urinary retention was the commonest type of urinary retention;however, complications due to the retention were associated with chronic and acute-on-chronic urinary retention.
