The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. Starting from the classification of built ...The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. Starting from the classification of built environment according to Rapoport＇s view, the ＂environment＂ consists of fixed, semi-fixed and unfixed elements （A. Fixed-feature elements： infrastructure, buildings, walls, floors, etc. B. Semi-fixed-feature elements： ＂furnishings＂ of the environ- ment, interior or exterior, trees and gardens, fences, signs, billboards, lights, etc. C. Unfixed- feature elements： typically people and their activities, behaviors, etc.）. Five representative historic villages in Southwest China （Zhenshan Village in Guizhou, Zhangtang Village in Yunnan, Motuo Village in Sichuan, Huaili Village in Guangxi, and Gongzhong Village in Tibet） were investigated to demonstrate the changes in terms of landscape in the last decade. This article provides an analysis of the dialectical relationship between reservation practices and evolving landscapes from a diachronic perspective. This analysis reveals defects of heritage conservation projects for historic villages in Southwest China. The results indicate the following： （1） there exists an important relationship between unfixed-feature elements of Landscape and cultural heritages in historic villages; （2） semi-fixed-feature elements, although being neglected in most preservation practices, show strong sensitivity to mass tourism; （3） fixed-feature elements are highly vulnerable to civil engineering techniques; and （4） the most active change-inducing factors for evolving landscapes in historic villages include value orientations of villagers, relative locations of villages, ethnic groups, customs, and economic development.In conclusion, approaches to promoting sustainable development of historic village in Southwest China are explored.展开更多
China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship bet...China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship between the built environment and activity-travel behavior.This paper draws upon data from an activity diary survey conducted in Beijing in 2007.The survey sample comprised 652 residents living in Danwei(work unit),commodity housing,and affordable housing neighborhoods.On the basis of the three-dimensional geo-visualization analysis of the space-time path and statistical multivariate regression models of daily travel and leisure time,it was found that both residential spatial factors and socio-demographics influence residents' daily behaviors.The findings show that Danwei residents have less daily travel time than those who live in commodity housing,but people living in affordable housing endure the longest travel time.Daily leisure time is associated more with individual attributes.We argue that although China's transition is currently gradual,the Danwei system may continue to play significant roles in daily life,and it might provide a valuable model for neighborhood spatial planning.展开更多
In the past several years,thermal comfort,especially development and application of thermal comfort model,has been a research focus of building environment.Since the 1970s,a series of thermal comfort models based on p...In the past several years,thermal comfort,especially development and application of thermal comfort model,has been a research focus of building environment.Since the 1970s,a series of thermal comfort models based on people’s thermal sensation to environment have been established,and gradually became an important part of the field of thermal comfort research.In this review,the existing thermal comfort models are summarized from various perspectives,such as models applied in different environments like sleeping environment and outdoor environment.Besides,models used for different groups people,such as elderly and different races are discussed.In the part,adaptive models are mentioned.In additions,data-driven models were reviewed.This paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages of each model.Based on the above review,future research work of thermal comfort model is proposed.展开更多
Rapid technological development and population growth are responsible for a series of imminent environmental problems and an ineluctable energy crisis.The application of semiconductor nanomaterials in photocatalysis o...Rapid technological development and population growth are responsible for a series of imminent environmental problems and an ineluctable energy crisis.The application of semiconductor nanomaterials in photocatalysis or photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)for either the degradation of contaminants in the environment or the generation of hydrogen as clean fuel is an effective approach to alleviate these problems.However,the efficiency of such processes remains suboptimal for real applications.Reasonable construction of a built-in electric field is considered to efficiently enhance carrier separation and reduce carrier recombination to improve catalytic performance.In the past decade,as a new method to enhance the built-in electric field,the piezoelectric effect from piezoelectric materials has been extensively studied.In this review,we provide an overview of the properties of piezoelectric materials and the mechanisms of piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity for a built-in electric field.Then,piezoelectric and ferroelectric polarization regulated built-in electric fields that mediate catalysis are discussed.Furthermore,the applications of piezoelectric semiconductor materials are also highlighted,including degradation of pollutants,bacteria disinfection,water splitting for H2 generation,and organic synthesis.We conclude by discussing the challenges in the field and the exciting opportunities to further improve piezo-catalytic efficiency.展开更多
Walkability is an essential aspect of urban transportation systems. Properly designed walking paths can enhance transportation safety, encourage pedestrian activity, and improve community quality of life. This, in tur...Walkability is an essential aspect of urban transportation systems. Properly designed walking paths can enhance transportation safety, encourage pedestrian activity, and improve community quality of life. This, in turn, can help achieve sustainable development goals in urban areas. This pilot study uses wearable technology data to present a new method for measuring pedestrian stress in urban environments and the results were presented as an interactive geographic information system map to support risk-informed decision-making. The approach involves analyzing data from wearable devices using heart rate variability (RMSSD and slope analysis) to identify high-stress locations. This data-driven approach can help urban planners and safety experts identify and address pedestrian stressors, ultimately creating safer, more walkable cities. The study addresses a significant challenge in pedestrian safety by providing insights into factors and locations that trigger stress in pedestrians. During the pilot study, high-stress pedestrian experiences were identified due to issues like pedestrian-scooter interaction on pedestrian paths, pedestrian behavior around high foot traffic areas, and poor visibility at pedestrian crossings due to inadequate lighting.展开更多
The aim of this study was to carry out a dynamic simulation of the energy and environmental performance of a built space system, with a view to assessing its energy and environmental class. The use of a simulation and...The aim of this study was to carry out a dynamic simulation of the energy and environmental performance of a built space system, with a view to assessing its energy and environmental class. The use of a simulation and modeling tool, supported by various methodological references, formed the basis of our approach. Adopting a systemic perspective, we described the structural and functional aspects of the systems making up built spaces, as well as the associated energy flows. Our approach was also based on a typology, taking into account typical days, structural and functional configurations at different scales and angles of observation. The analysis tool we developed in Java was applied to the built space system of the Patte d’Oie university campus in Ouagadougou. Annual electricity consumption was measured at 124387.34 kWh, closely aligned with the average annual electricity bill (125224.31 kWh), with a maximum relative deviation of 1%, followed by a carbon emission balance of 58337.66 kg eq CO<sub>2</sub> per year. This validation confirmed the effectiveness of our tool. In addition, following the analysis of electricity consumption using our tool, the university campus was classified in energy class B and environmental class C. These results will be based on the emission factors of the energy mix of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) territory, with particular emphasis on Burkina Faso.展开更多
Finely modulated light-induced charge separation and transfer is a central challenge to achieve efficient photocatalysis.Although progress has been made in this field,most of the previous research works focused on the...Finely modulated light-induced charge separation and transfer is a central challenge to achieve efficient photocatalysis.Although progress has been made in this field,most of the previous research works focused on the separation or migration of photogenerated carriers but did not build a bridge between the two.How to realize the strong driving and precise migration of carriers has become the focus of our work.We report an ingeniously designed ternary heterojunction.Taking NiFe-MOF as the“parent material”,the FeP_(4)/Ni_(x)P_(y)heterojunction is derived in situ while maintaining the frame structure through gas-solid reaction,and finally the Z-type electron transfer is realized.With Cu_(3)P anchoring spindle matrix,an electron transport tunnel is opened up in Cu_(3)P/FeP_(4)/Ni_(x)P_(y)ternary heterojunction under the action of p-n heterojunction built-in electric field driving and accurate energy band matching.The strong driving force of the built-in electric field provides an inexhaustible power for the transmission of electrons,and the fine series of electron transmission channels realizes the precise transmission of electrons.The above fine design makes the perfect fit between the built-in electric field and the electron transfer channel,which not only effectively improves the embarrassing situation of insufficient electron driving force of hydrogen evolution reaction in the previous research,but also makes up for the weakening of semi-conductor reduction ability caused by the construction of traditional p-n heterostructures.This research work provides a new idea for the construction of multiple heterostructures and the design of fine interface engineering in the future.展开更多
The built environment provides a habitat for the most sophisticated mammal in our universe,the human being.Developments in science and technology are forcing us to reconsider the priority of human needs in current the...The built environment provides a habitat for the most sophisticated mammal in our universe,the human being.Developments in science and technology are forcing us to reconsider the priority of human needs in current theories of architecture and the built environment.Newly developed theories and methodologies in neuroscience have allowed us to improve and deepen our knowledge of human experience in the built environment.The potential of the relationship between neuroscience and architecture for knowledge creation generates an increasing interest in theoretical and methodological approaches to explore this intersection.Thus,a common ground on which to conduct interdisciplinary studies investigating developing and emerging concepts at the intersection must be established.However,few reviews in the literature have systematically examined developing and emerging concepts at the intersection of neuroscience and architecture.The present review aims to examine the existing literature systematically to explain the influence of the built environment on human experience by using approaches from neuroscience by examining the conceptualizations in the field.The study is conducted as a systematic qualitative review that analyzes and synthesizes the developing and emerging concepts that have appeared in the ever-evolving literature.The study concludes with an overall discussion about these concepts as a means of deeply understanding the influence of the built environment on human experience,responses to the environment based on approaches from neuroscience,and their potential for providing further directions for future research.展开更多
S-scheme possesses superior redox capabilities compared with the II-scheme,providing an effective method to solve the innate defects of g-C_(3)N_(4)(CN).In this study,S-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4)(SCN-tm/CN)S-sche...S-scheme possesses superior redox capabilities compared with the II-scheme,providing an effective method to solve the innate defects of g-C_(3)N_(4)(CN).In this study,S-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4)(SCN-tm/CN)S-scheme homojunction was constructed by rationally integrating morphology control with interfacial engineering to enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance.In-situ Kelvin probe force microscopy(KPFM)confirms the transport of photo-generated electrons from CN to SCN.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the generation of a built-in electric field between SCN and CN enables the carrier separation to be more efficient and effective.Femtosecond transient absorption spectrum(fs-TAS)indicates prolonged lifetimes of SCN-tm/CN_(3)(τ1:9.7,τ2:110,andτ3:1343.5 ps)in comparison to those of CN(τ1:4.86,τ2:55.2,andτ3:927 ps),signifying that the construction of homojunction promotes the separation and transport of electron hole pairs,thus favoring the photocatalytic process.Under visible light irradiation,the optimized SCN-tm/CN_(3)exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity with the hydrogen evolution rate of 5407.3μmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1),which is 20.4 times higher than that of CN(265.7μmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1)).Moreover,the homojunction also displays an apparent quantum efficiency of 26.8%at 435 nm as well as ultra-long and ultra-stable cycle ability.This work offers a new strategy to construct highly efficient photocatalysts based on the metal-free conjugated polymeric CN for realizing solar energy conversion.展开更多
基金This article is sponsored by （1） the research programs of the National Science Foundation of China （50768003 51168007）+2 种基金 （2） the research program of the Science Bureau Foundation of Guizhou Province （Qiankehe R[200712019 2012GZ49469 Qiankehe J[200712157）.
文摘The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. Starting from the classification of built environment according to Rapoport＇s view, the ＂environment＂ consists of fixed, semi-fixed and unfixed elements （A. Fixed-feature elements： infrastructure, buildings, walls, floors, etc. B. Semi-fixed-feature elements： ＂furnishings＂ of the environ- ment, interior or exterior, trees and gardens, fences, signs, billboards, lights, etc. C. Unfixed- feature elements： typically people and their activities, behaviors, etc.）. Five representative historic villages in Southwest China （Zhenshan Village in Guizhou, Zhangtang Village in Yunnan, Motuo Village in Sichuan, Huaili Village in Guangxi, and Gongzhong Village in Tibet） were investigated to demonstrate the changes in terms of landscape in the last decade. This article provides an analysis of the dialectical relationship between reservation practices and evolving landscapes from a diachronic perspective. This analysis reveals defects of heritage conservation projects for historic villages in Southwest China. The results indicate the following： （1） there exists an important relationship between unfixed-feature elements of Landscape and cultural heritages in historic villages; （2） semi-fixed-feature elements, although being neglected in most preservation practices, show strong sensitivity to mass tourism; （3） fixed-feature elements are highly vulnerable to civil engineering techniques; and （4） the most active change-inducing factors for evolving landscapes in historic villages include value orientations of villagers, relative locations of villages, ethnic groups, customs, and economic development.In conclusion, approaches to promoting sustainable development of historic village in Southwest China are explored.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40671058,41071102)National'TwelfthFive-Year'Plan for Science and Technology Support(No.2012BAJ 05B04)
文摘China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship between the built environment and activity-travel behavior.This paper draws upon data from an activity diary survey conducted in Beijing in 2007.The survey sample comprised 652 residents living in Danwei(work unit),commodity housing,and affordable housing neighborhoods.On the basis of the three-dimensional geo-visualization analysis of the space-time path and statistical multivariate regression models of daily travel and leisure time,it was found that both residential spatial factors and socio-demographics influence residents' daily behaviors.The findings show that Danwei residents have less daily travel time than those who live in commodity housing,but people living in affordable housing endure the longest travel time.Daily leisure time is associated more with individual attributes.We argue that although China's transition is currently gradual,the Danwei system may continue to play significant roles in daily life,and it might provide a valuable model for neighborhood spatial planning.
基金supported by the National Key R and D Program of China(2018YFC0704503)the international exchange program from Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology,China(18230722900).
文摘In the past several years,thermal comfort,especially development and application of thermal comfort model,has been a research focus of building environment.Since the 1970s,a series of thermal comfort models based on people’s thermal sensation to environment have been established,and gradually became an important part of the field of thermal comfort research.In this review,the existing thermal comfort models are summarized from various perspectives,such as models applied in different environments like sleeping environment and outdoor environment.Besides,models used for different groups people,such as elderly and different races are discussed.In the part,adaptive models are mentioned.In additions,data-driven models were reviewed.This paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages of each model.Based on the above review,future research work of thermal comfort model is proposed.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2015023)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81471784,51802115)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(2172058)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2018BEM010,ZR2019YQ21)Major Program of Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2018ZC0843)Scientific and Technology Project of University of Jinan(XKY1923)~~
文摘Rapid technological development and population growth are responsible for a series of imminent environmental problems and an ineluctable energy crisis.The application of semiconductor nanomaterials in photocatalysis or photoelectrocatalysis(PEC)for either the degradation of contaminants in the environment or the generation of hydrogen as clean fuel is an effective approach to alleviate these problems.However,the efficiency of such processes remains suboptimal for real applications.Reasonable construction of a built-in electric field is considered to efficiently enhance carrier separation and reduce carrier recombination to improve catalytic performance.In the past decade,as a new method to enhance the built-in electric field,the piezoelectric effect from piezoelectric materials has been extensively studied.In this review,we provide an overview of the properties of piezoelectric materials and the mechanisms of piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity for a built-in electric field.Then,piezoelectric and ferroelectric polarization regulated built-in electric fields that mediate catalysis are discussed.Furthermore,the applications of piezoelectric semiconductor materials are also highlighted,including degradation of pollutants,bacteria disinfection,water splitting for H2 generation,and organic synthesis.We conclude by discussing the challenges in the field and the exciting opportunities to further improve piezo-catalytic efficiency.
文摘Walkability is an essential aspect of urban transportation systems. Properly designed walking paths can enhance transportation safety, encourage pedestrian activity, and improve community quality of life. This, in turn, can help achieve sustainable development goals in urban areas. This pilot study uses wearable technology data to present a new method for measuring pedestrian stress in urban environments and the results were presented as an interactive geographic information system map to support risk-informed decision-making. The approach involves analyzing data from wearable devices using heart rate variability (RMSSD and slope analysis) to identify high-stress locations. This data-driven approach can help urban planners and safety experts identify and address pedestrian stressors, ultimately creating safer, more walkable cities. The study addresses a significant challenge in pedestrian safety by providing insights into factors and locations that trigger stress in pedestrians. During the pilot study, high-stress pedestrian experiences were identified due to issues like pedestrian-scooter interaction on pedestrian paths, pedestrian behavior around high foot traffic areas, and poor visibility at pedestrian crossings due to inadequate lighting.
文摘The aim of this study was to carry out a dynamic simulation of the energy and environmental performance of a built space system, with a view to assessing its energy and environmental class. The use of a simulation and modeling tool, supported by various methodological references, formed the basis of our approach. Adopting a systemic perspective, we described the structural and functional aspects of the systems making up built spaces, as well as the associated energy flows. Our approach was also based on a typology, taking into account typical days, structural and functional configurations at different scales and angles of observation. The analysis tool we developed in Java was applied to the built space system of the Patte d’Oie university campus in Ouagadougou. Annual electricity consumption was measured at 124387.34 kWh, closely aligned with the average annual electricity bill (125224.31 kWh), with a maximum relative deviation of 1%, followed by a carbon emission balance of 58337.66 kg eq CO<sub>2</sub> per year. This validation confirmed the effectiveness of our tool. In addition, following the analysis of electricity consumption using our tool, the university campus was classified in energy class B and environmental class C. These results will be based on the emission factors of the energy mix of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) territory, with particular emphasis on Burkina Faso.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22005117 and 52072146)。
文摘Finely modulated light-induced charge separation and transfer is a central challenge to achieve efficient photocatalysis.Although progress has been made in this field,most of the previous research works focused on the separation or migration of photogenerated carriers but did not build a bridge between the two.How to realize the strong driving and precise migration of carriers has become the focus of our work.We report an ingeniously designed ternary heterojunction.Taking NiFe-MOF as the“parent material”,the FeP_(4)/Ni_(x)P_(y)heterojunction is derived in situ while maintaining the frame structure through gas-solid reaction,and finally the Z-type electron transfer is realized.With Cu_(3)P anchoring spindle matrix,an electron transport tunnel is opened up in Cu_(3)P/FeP_(4)/Ni_(x)P_(y)ternary heterojunction under the action of p-n heterojunction built-in electric field driving and accurate energy band matching.The strong driving force of the built-in electric field provides an inexhaustible power for the transmission of electrons,and the fine series of electron transmission channels realizes the precise transmission of electrons.The above fine design makes the perfect fit between the built-in electric field and the electron transfer channel,which not only effectively improves the embarrassing situation of insufficient electron driving force of hydrogen evolution reaction in the previous research,but also makes up for the weakening of semi-conductor reduction ability caused by the construction of traditional p-n heterostructures.This research work provides a new idea for the construction of multiple heterostructures and the design of fine interface engineering in the future.
文摘The built environment provides a habitat for the most sophisticated mammal in our universe,the human being.Developments in science and technology are forcing us to reconsider the priority of human needs in current theories of architecture and the built environment.Newly developed theories and methodologies in neuroscience have allowed us to improve and deepen our knowledge of human experience in the built environment.The potential of the relationship between neuroscience and architecture for knowledge creation generates an increasing interest in theoretical and methodological approaches to explore this intersection.Thus,a common ground on which to conduct interdisciplinary studies investigating developing and emerging concepts at the intersection must be established.However,few reviews in the literature have systematically examined developing and emerging concepts at the intersection of neuroscience and architecture.The present review aims to examine the existing literature systematically to explain the influence of the built environment on human experience by using approaches from neuroscience by examining the conceptualizations in the field.The study is conducted as a systematic qualitative review that analyzes and synthesizes the developing and emerging concepts that have appeared in the ever-evolving literature.The study concludes with an overall discussion about these concepts as a means of deeply understanding the influence of the built environment on human experience,responses to the environment based on approaches from neuroscience,and their potential for providing further directions for future research.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(No.232300421361)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21671176 and 21001096).
文摘S-scheme possesses superior redox capabilities compared with the II-scheme,providing an effective method to solve the innate defects of g-C_(3)N_(4)(CN).In this study,S-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4)(SCN-tm/CN)S-scheme homojunction was constructed by rationally integrating morphology control with interfacial engineering to enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance.In-situ Kelvin probe force microscopy(KPFM)confirms the transport of photo-generated electrons from CN to SCN.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the generation of a built-in electric field between SCN and CN enables the carrier separation to be more efficient and effective.Femtosecond transient absorption spectrum(fs-TAS)indicates prolonged lifetimes of SCN-tm/CN_(3)(τ1:9.7,τ2:110,andτ3:1343.5 ps)in comparison to those of CN(τ1:4.86,τ2:55.2,andτ3:927 ps),signifying that the construction of homojunction promotes the separation and transport of electron hole pairs,thus favoring the photocatalytic process.Under visible light irradiation,the optimized SCN-tm/CN_(3)exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity with the hydrogen evolution rate of 5407.3μmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1),which is 20.4 times higher than that of CN(265.7μmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1)).Moreover,the homojunction also displays an apparent quantum efficiency of 26.8%at 435 nm as well as ultra-long and ultra-stable cycle ability.This work offers a new strategy to construct highly efficient photocatalysts based on the metal-free conjugated polymeric CN for realizing solar energy conversion.
