The possibility of having flying machines in complex natural environments presents many exciting possibilities, but also technical challenges. Insects often rely on visual cues for flight and decision making, and rece...The possibility of having flying machines in complex natural environments presents many exciting possibilities, but also technical challenges. Insects often rely on visual cues for flight and decision making, and recent work suggests that the perception of wind force through tactile sensory inputs also provides important information for flight control. However, the extent to which these respective cues might potentially be bound together in the brain to enable accurate decisions remains untested. Here we discuss recent evidence that the brain of insects possesses mechanisms that may allow for the binding of complex multisensory information, and we propose an experiment that could dissect whether insects like bees may have such a capacity. We additionally discuss areas of the bee brain that might facilitate decision making in order to provide a road map forward for future work on understanding the mechanisms of flying in complex natural environments.展开更多
Houshiheisan is composed of wind-dispelling （chrysanthemun fower, divaricate saposhnikovia root, Manchurian wild ginger, cassia twig, Szechwan lovage rhizome, and platycodon root） and deficiency-nourishing （ginseng...Houshiheisan is composed of wind-dispelling （chrysanthemun fower, divaricate saposhnikovia root, Manchurian wild ginger, cassia twig, Szechwan lovage rhizome, and platycodon root） and deficiency-nourishing （ginseng, Chinese angelica, large-head atractylodes rhizome, Indian bread, and zingiber） drugs. In this study, we assumed these drugs have protective effects against cerebral ischemia, on neurovascular units. Houshiheisan was intragastrically administered in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy, immu- nofluorescence staining, and western blot assays showed that Houshiheisan reduced pathological injury to the ischemic penumbra, protected neurovascular units, visibly up-regtflated neuronal nuclear antigen expression, and down-regulated amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-[3 42 expression. Wind-dispelling and deficiency-nourishing drugs maintained NeuN expression to varying degrees, but did not affect amyloid precursor protein or amyloid-~ 42 expression in the ischemic penumbra. Our results suggest that the compound prescription Houshiheisan effectively suppresses abnormal amyloid precursor protein accumulation, reduces amyloid substance depo- sition, maintains stabilization of the internal environment of neurovascular units, and minimizes injury to neurovascular units in the ischemic penumbra.展开更多
目的评价养血清脑颗粒联合川芎嗪注射液治疗脑梗死风痰入络证疗效。方法将符合入选标准的2019年1-12月濉溪县中医医院96例脑梗死风痰入络证患者,采用随机数字表法分为2组,每组48例。对照组静脉注射川芎嗪注射液,观察组在对照组治疗基础...目的评价养血清脑颗粒联合川芎嗪注射液治疗脑梗死风痰入络证疗效。方法将符合入选标准的2019年1-12月濉溪县中医医院96例脑梗死风痰入络证患者,采用随机数字表法分为2组,每组48例。对照组静脉注射川芎嗪注射液,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加服养血清脑颗粒。2组均连续治疗2周。分别于治疗前后进行中医证候评分,采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评估神经功能缺损程度,采用日常生活活动量表(Activity of Daily Living Scale,ADL)评价患者生活质量,以全自动血液流变仪检测全血高切黏度、低切黏度及血浆黏度,评价临床疗效。结果观察组总有效率为95.8%(46/48)、对照组为70.8%(34/48),2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.08,P<0.01)。治疗后,观察组中医证候评分低于对照组(t=3.51,P<0.01),NIHSS评分低于对照组(t=34.41,P<0.01),ADL评分高于对照组(t=57.88,P<0.001)。治疗后,观察组全血高切黏度[(5.04±0.93)mPa·s比(5.64±1.13)mPa·s,t=2.84]、全血低切黏度[(11.32±1.74)mPa·s,比(13.39±2.23)mPa·s,t=5.07]及血浆黏度[(1.51±0.33)mPa·s比(1.73±0.47)mPa·s,t=2.65]低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论养血清脑颗粒联合川芎嗪注射液可有效改善脑梗死风痰入络证患者的神经功能状态及生活质量,提高临床疗效。展开更多
文摘The possibility of having flying machines in complex natural environments presents many exciting possibilities, but also technical challenges. Insects often rely on visual cues for flight and decision making, and recent work suggests that the perception of wind force through tactile sensory inputs also provides important information for flight control. However, the extent to which these respective cues might potentially be bound together in the brain to enable accurate decisions remains untested. Here we discuss recent evidence that the brain of insects possesses mechanisms that may allow for the binding of complex multisensory information, and we propose an experiment that could dissect whether insects like bees may have such a capacity. We additionally discuss areas of the bee brain that might facilitate decision making in order to provide a road map forward for future work on understanding the mechanisms of flying in complex natural environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30973782,81373526the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,No.7102014,7122018the Beijing Municipal Higher Learning Institution Talent Teaching Plan"Young and Middle-aged Talented People Training"Project,No.PXM2011014226
文摘Houshiheisan is composed of wind-dispelling （chrysanthemun fower, divaricate saposhnikovia root, Manchurian wild ginger, cassia twig, Szechwan lovage rhizome, and platycodon root） and deficiency-nourishing （ginseng, Chinese angelica, large-head atractylodes rhizome, Indian bread, and zingiber） drugs. In this study, we assumed these drugs have protective effects against cerebral ischemia, on neurovascular units. Houshiheisan was intragastrically administered in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy, immu- nofluorescence staining, and western blot assays showed that Houshiheisan reduced pathological injury to the ischemic penumbra, protected neurovascular units, visibly up-regtflated neuronal nuclear antigen expression, and down-regulated amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-[3 42 expression. Wind-dispelling and deficiency-nourishing drugs maintained NeuN expression to varying degrees, but did not affect amyloid precursor protein or amyloid-~ 42 expression in the ischemic penumbra. Our results suggest that the compound prescription Houshiheisan effectively suppresses abnormal amyloid precursor protein accumulation, reduces amyloid substance depo- sition, maintains stabilization of the internal environment of neurovascular units, and minimizes injury to neurovascular units in the ischemic penumbra.
文摘目的评价养血清脑颗粒联合川芎嗪注射液治疗脑梗死风痰入络证疗效。方法将符合入选标准的2019年1-12月濉溪县中医医院96例脑梗死风痰入络证患者,采用随机数字表法分为2组,每组48例。对照组静脉注射川芎嗪注射液,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加服养血清脑颗粒。2组均连续治疗2周。分别于治疗前后进行中医证候评分,采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评估神经功能缺损程度,采用日常生活活动量表(Activity of Daily Living Scale,ADL)评价患者生活质量,以全自动血液流变仪检测全血高切黏度、低切黏度及血浆黏度,评价临床疗效。结果观察组总有效率为95.8%(46/48)、对照组为70.8%(34/48),2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.08,P<0.01)。治疗后,观察组中医证候评分低于对照组(t=3.51,P<0.01),NIHSS评分低于对照组(t=34.41,P<0.01),ADL评分高于对照组(t=57.88,P<0.001)。治疗后,观察组全血高切黏度[(5.04±0.93)mPa·s比(5.64±1.13)mPa·s,t=2.84]、全血低切黏度[(11.32±1.74)mPa·s,比(13.39±2.23)mPa·s,t=5.07]及血浆黏度[(1.51±0.33)mPa·s比(1.73±0.47)mPa·s,t=2.65]低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论养血清脑颗粒联合川芎嗪注射液可有效改善脑梗死风痰入络证患者的神经功能状态及生活质量,提高临床疗效。
