Top-down and bottom-up processes are two popularly-used method in teaching listening,but each of them has deficiencies.This essay will attempt to demonstrate that both top-down process and bottom-up process are necess...Top-down and bottom-up processes are two popularly-used method in teaching listening,but each of them has deficiencies.This essay will attempt to demonstrate that both top-down process and bottom-up process are necessarily useful,and adopting them appropriately conduce to effective and efficient listening comprehension.The first section of this paper will critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the two processes.It will then illustrate the benefit of employing them in an interactive way.展开更多
The ability to read is acknowledged to be the most stable and durable of the second language modalities. In other words, reading plays a vital role in second language acquisition. But for a long time, reading was view...The ability to read is acknowledged to be the most stable and durable of the second language modalities. In other words, reading plays a vital role in second language acquisition. But for a long time, reading was viewed as a bottom-up process in a word-sentence-passage sequence, in which readers decode the text and rebuild what the writer wants to convey. Accordingly, reading teaching becomes teaching of language points known as grammar and vocabulary. This kind of English reading teaching to a great extent hinders EFL students＇ language proficiency. In this paper, the author puts forward some problems in the present EFL reading teaching and offers some suggestions for classroom teaching in the hope of opening up a new perspective for EFL reading.展开更多
An interactive strategies-based approach to reading teaching involves both bottom-up and top-down skills,which if developed conjointly,will not only improve students'reading comprehension and reading rate but also...An interactive strategies-based approach to reading teaching involves both bottom-up and top-down skills,which if developed conjointly,will not only improve students'reading comprehension and reading rate but also facilitate their ability of writing.展开更多
There has been a great progress in the synthesis of a variety of inorganic colloidal nanocrystals(NCs)with highly controlled size and shape in the last decade.This achievement has promoted comprehensive researches on ...There has been a great progress in the synthesis of a variety of inorganic colloidal nanocrystals(NCs)with highly controlled size and shape in the last decade.This achievement has promoted comprehensive researches on the fabrication and engineering of NC devices with novel structure and function with the aim of utilizing them in a wide area of applications,including electronics and optoelectronics,by using various NC assembling and patterning methods.However,colloidal NCs having been extensively investigated so far are mostly metals,semiconductors and magnetic materials,and only limited investigations on oxide NCs from a point of view of NC ceramic engineering have been done.Here,innovative nanocrystal-based technologies necessary for the fabrication of NC ceramic devices with novel and gigantic electronic functions,limiting the materials to perovskite oxides,and a new perspective on the future ceramic technology are discussed.展开更多
软件项目通常会遇到项目花费超出预算、项目完工日期拖延等问题而导致软件质量下降甚至项目失败,为了提高软件质量、减少项目风险,人们提出了一系列的项目管理方法,实绩价值管理系统EVMS(Earned Value Management System)就是由美国国...软件项目通常会遇到项目花费超出预算、项目完工日期拖延等问题而导致软件质量下降甚至项目失败,为了提高软件质量、减少项目风险,人们提出了一系列的项目管理方法,实绩价值管理系统EVMS(Earned Value Management System)就是由美国国防部和国家标准学会建立的一个项目管理系统。本文介绍了EVMS的作用、历史、概念以及计算方法,最后结合软件过程改进的自底向上模型提出了软件企业应用EVMS管理项目的基本步骤以及组织关系。展开更多
文摘Top-down and bottom-up processes are two popularly-used method in teaching listening,but each of them has deficiencies.This essay will attempt to demonstrate that both top-down process and bottom-up process are necessarily useful,and adopting them appropriately conduce to effective and efficient listening comprehension.The first section of this paper will critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the two processes.It will then illustrate the benefit of employing them in an interactive way.
文摘The ability to read is acknowledged to be the most stable and durable of the second language modalities. In other words, reading plays a vital role in second language acquisition. But for a long time, reading was viewed as a bottom-up process in a word-sentence-passage sequence, in which readers decode the text and rebuild what the writer wants to convey. Accordingly, reading teaching becomes teaching of language points known as grammar and vocabulary. This kind of English reading teaching to a great extent hinders EFL students＇ language proficiency. In this paper, the author puts forward some problems in the present EFL reading teaching and offers some suggestions for classroom teaching in the hope of opening up a new perspective for EFL reading.
文摘An interactive strategies-based approach to reading teaching involves both bottom-up and top-down skills,which if developed conjointly,will not only improve students'reading comprehension and reading rate but also facilitate their ability of writing.
文摘There has been a great progress in the synthesis of a variety of inorganic colloidal nanocrystals(NCs)with highly controlled size and shape in the last decade.This achievement has promoted comprehensive researches on the fabrication and engineering of NC devices with novel structure and function with the aim of utilizing them in a wide area of applications,including electronics and optoelectronics,by using various NC assembling and patterning methods.However,colloidal NCs having been extensively investigated so far are mostly metals,semiconductors and magnetic materials,and only limited investigations on oxide NCs from a point of view of NC ceramic engineering have been done.Here,innovative nanocrystal-based technologies necessary for the fabrication of NC ceramic devices with novel and gigantic electronic functions,limiting the materials to perovskite oxides,and a new perspective on the future ceramic technology are discussed.
文摘软件项目通常会遇到项目花费超出预算、项目完工日期拖延等问题而导致软件质量下降甚至项目失败,为了提高软件质量、减少项目风险,人们提出了一系列的项目管理方法,实绩价值管理系统EVMS(Earned Value Management System)就是由美国国防部和国家标准学会建立的一个项目管理系统。本文介绍了EVMS的作用、历史、概念以及计算方法,最后结合软件过程改进的自底向上模型提出了软件企业应用EVMS管理项目的基本步骤以及组织关系。
