The incidence of type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is rapidly increasing worldwide.However,the pathogenesis of T2DM has not yet been well explained.Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota composition is associated ...The incidence of type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is rapidly increasing worldwide.However,the pathogenesis of T2DM has not yet been well explained.Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota composition is associated with obesity and T2DM.In this review,we provide an overview about the mechanisms underlying the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM.There is clear evidence that the intestinal microbiota influences the host through its effect on body weight,bile acid metabolism,proinflammatory activity and insulin resistance,and modulation of gut hormones.Modulating gut microbiota with the use of probiotics,prebiotics,antibiotics,and fecal microbiota transplantation may have benefits for improvement in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in the host.Further studies are required to increase our understanding of the complex interplay between intestinal microbiota and the host with T2DM.Further studies may be able to boost the development of new effective therapeutic approaches for T2DM.展开更多
Bile acids(BAs)are cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver and then secreted into the intestine for lipid absorption.There are numerous scientific reports describing BAs,especially secondary BAs,as strong car...Bile acids(BAs)are cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver and then secreted into the intestine for lipid absorption.There are numerous scientific reports describing BAs,especially secondary BAs,as strong carcinogens or promoters of colon cancers.Firstly,BAs act as strong stimulators of colorectal cancer(CRC)initiation by damaging colonic epithelial cells,and inducing reactive oxygen species production,genomic destabilization,apoptosis resistance,and cancer stem cells-like formation.Consequently,BAs promote CRC progression via multiple mechanisms,including inhibiting apoptosis,enhancing cancer cell proliferation,invasion,and angiogenesis.There are diverse signals involved in the carcinogenesis mechanism of BAs,with a major role of epidermal growth factor receptor,and its down-stream signaling,involving mitogen-activated protein kinase,phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt,and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.BAs regulate numerous genes including the human leukocyte antigen class I gene,p53,matrix metalloprotease,urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,Cyclin D1,cyclooxygenase-2,interleukin-8,and miRNAs of CRC cells,leading to CRC promotion.These evidence suggests that targeting BAs is an efficacious strategies for CRC prevention and treatment.展开更多
文摘The incidence of type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is rapidly increasing worldwide.However,the pathogenesis of T2DM has not yet been well explained.Recent evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota composition is associated with obesity and T2DM.In this review,we provide an overview about the mechanisms underlying the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM.There is clear evidence that the intestinal microbiota influences the host through its effect on body weight,bile acid metabolism,proinflammatory activity and insulin resistance,and modulation of gut hormones.Modulating gut microbiota with the use of probiotics,prebiotics,antibiotics,and fecal microbiota transplantation may have benefits for improvement in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in the host.Further studies are required to increase our understanding of the complex interplay between intestinal microbiota and the host with T2DM.Further studies may be able to boost the development of new effective therapeutic approaches for T2DM.
文摘Bile acids(BAs)are cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver and then secreted into the intestine for lipid absorption.There are numerous scientific reports describing BAs,especially secondary BAs,as strong carcinogens or promoters of colon cancers.Firstly,BAs act as strong stimulators of colorectal cancer(CRC)initiation by damaging colonic epithelial cells,and inducing reactive oxygen species production,genomic destabilization,apoptosis resistance,and cancer stem cells-like formation.Consequently,BAs promote CRC progression via multiple mechanisms,including inhibiting apoptosis,enhancing cancer cell proliferation,invasion,and angiogenesis.There are diverse signals involved in the carcinogenesis mechanism of BAs,with a major role of epidermal growth factor receptor,and its down-stream signaling,involving mitogen-activated protein kinase,phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt,and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.BAs regulate numerous genes including the human leukocyte antigen class I gene,p53,matrix metalloprotease,urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,Cyclin D1,cyclooxygenase-2,interleukin-8,and miRNAs of CRC cells,leading to CRC promotion.These evidence suggests that targeting BAs is an efficacious strategies for CRC prevention and treatment.
