Urbanization has dramatic impacts on natural habitats and such changes may potentially drive local adaptation of urban populations.Behavioral change has been specifically shown to facilitate the fast adaptation of bir...Urbanization has dramatic impacts on natural habitats and such changes may potentially drive local adaptation of urban populations.Behavioral change has been specifically shown to facilitate the fast adaptation of birds to changing environments,but few studies have investigated the genetic mechanisms of this process.Such investigations could provide insights into questions about both evolutionary theory and management of urban populations.In this study,we investigated whether local adaptation has occurred in urban populations of a Neotropical bird species,Coereba flaveola,specifically addressing whether observed behavioral adaptations are correlated to genetic signatures of natural selection.To answer this question,we sampled 24 individuals in urban and rural environments,and searched for selected loci through a genome-scan approach based on RADseq genomic data,generated and assembled using a reference genome for the species.We recovered 46 loci as putative selection outliers,and 30 of them were identified as associated with biological processes possibly related to urban adaptation,such as the regulation of energetic metabolism,regulation of genetic expression,and changes in the immunological system.Moreover,genes involved in the development of the nervous system showed signatures of selection,suggesting a link between behavioral and genetic adaptations.Our findings,in conjunction with similar results in previous studies,support the idea that cities provide a similar selective pressure on urban populations and that behavioral plasticity may be enhanced through genetic changes in urban populations.展开更多
Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation o...Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial for assessing impacts of AVs in mixed-traffic situations.Here,mixed-traffic situations refer to situations where AVs share the roads with existing nonautomated vehicles such as conventional MVs.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator study is designed to explore whether such behavioral adaptations exist.Two different driving scenarios were explored on a three-lane highway:driving on the main highway and merging from an on-ramp.For this study,18 research participants were recruited.Findings–Behavioral adaptation can be observed in terms of car-following speed,car-following time gap,number of lane change and overall driving speed.The adaptations are dependent on the driving scenario and whether the surrounding traffic was AVs or MVs.Although significant differences in behavior were found in more than 90%of the research participants,they adapted their behavior differently,and thus,magnitude of the behavioral adaptation remains unclear.Originality/value–The observed behavioral adaptations in this paper were dependent on the driving scenario rather than the time gap between surrounding vehicles.This finding differs from previous studies,which have shown that drivers tend to adapt their behaviors with respect to the surrounding vehicles.Furthermore,the surrounding vehicles in this study are more“free flow’”compared to previous studies with a fixed formation such as platoons.Nevertheless,long-term observations are required to further support this claim.展开更多
Compatibility is the precondition to ensure the correct interaction among components in composition process, how to make the mismatch components coordinate correctly is a vital problem in component composition. This p...Compatibility is the precondition to ensure the correct interaction among components in composition process, how to make the mismatch components coordinate correctly is a vital problem in component composition. This paper first modeled component behavior by LTS and expressed action mapping as synchronous vector then defined the sequential relationship among synchronous vectors as adaptation contract. Thirdly we analyzed the different mismatch situations and corresponding adaptation strategies. At last designed adaptation algorithm to produce adaptor specification automatically and ensured the mismatch components can correct interaction under the mediation of adaptor and verified the validity of proposed method through an application system.展开更多
基金国家自然科学基金(30900169)资助项目American Zoo and Aquarium Association(AZA)资助项目+2 种基金Conservation Leadership Programme(CLP)资助项目Fauna and Flora International(FFI)资助项目International Foundation for Science(IFS)资助项目
基金We would like to thank the following organizations for providing funds for this study:FAPESB(RED0045/2014,JCB0026/2016)CNPq(443249/2014-8,465767/2014-1)CAPES(23038.000776/2017-54).
文摘Urbanization has dramatic impacts on natural habitats and such changes may potentially drive local adaptation of urban populations.Behavioral change has been specifically shown to facilitate the fast adaptation of birds to changing environments,but few studies have investigated the genetic mechanisms of this process.Such investigations could provide insights into questions about both evolutionary theory and management of urban populations.In this study,we investigated whether local adaptation has occurred in urban populations of a Neotropical bird species,Coereba flaveola,specifically addressing whether observed behavioral adaptations are correlated to genetic signatures of natural selection.To answer this question,we sampled 24 individuals in urban and rural environments,and searched for selected loci through a genome-scan approach based on RADseq genomic data,generated and assembled using a reference genome for the species.We recovered 46 loci as putative selection outliers,and 30 of them were identified as associated with biological processes possibly related to urban adaptation,such as the regulation of energetic metabolism,regulation of genetic expression,and changes in the immunological system.Moreover,genes involved in the development of the nervous system showed signatures of selection,suggesting a link between behavioral and genetic adaptations.Our findings,in conjunction with similar results in previous studies,support the idea that cities provide a similar selective pressure on urban populations and that behavioral plasticity may be enhanced through genetic changes in urban populations.
基金the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems(Vinnovagrant no.2018-02891).
文摘Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial for assessing impacts of AVs in mixed-traffic situations.Here,mixed-traffic situations refer to situations where AVs share the roads with existing nonautomated vehicles such as conventional MVs.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator study is designed to explore whether such behavioral adaptations exist.Two different driving scenarios were explored on a three-lane highway:driving on the main highway and merging from an on-ramp.For this study,18 research participants were recruited.Findings–Behavioral adaptation can be observed in terms of car-following speed,car-following time gap,number of lane change and overall driving speed.The adaptations are dependent on the driving scenario and whether the surrounding traffic was AVs or MVs.Although significant differences in behavior were found in more than 90%of the research participants,they adapted their behavior differently,and thus,magnitude of the behavioral adaptation remains unclear.Originality/value–The observed behavioral adaptations in this paper were dependent on the driving scenario rather than the time gap between surrounding vehicles.This finding differs from previous studies,which have shown that drivers tend to adapt their behaviors with respect to the surrounding vehicles.Furthermore,the surrounding vehicles in this study are more“free flow’”compared to previous studies with a fixed formation such as platoons.Nevertheless,long-term observations are required to further support this claim.
文摘Compatibility is the precondition to ensure the correct interaction among components in composition process, how to make the mismatch components coordinate correctly is a vital problem in component composition. This paper first modeled component behavior by LTS and expressed action mapping as synchronous vector then defined the sequential relationship among synchronous vectors as adaptation contract. Thirdly we analyzed the different mismatch situations and corresponding adaptation strategies. At last designed adaptation algorithm to produce adaptor specification automatically and ensured the mismatch components can correct interaction under the mediation of adaptor and verified the validity of proposed method through an application system.
