Autism spectrum disorder is classified as a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders with an unknown definitive etiology.Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show deficits in a variety of areas including cognitio...Autism spectrum disorder is classified as a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders with an unknown definitive etiology.Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show deficits in a variety of areas including cognition,memory,attention,emotion recognition,and social skills.With no definitive treatment or cure,the main interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder are based on behavioral modulations.Recently,noninvasive brain modulation techniques including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,intermittent theta burst stimulation,continuous theta burst stimulation,and transcranial direct current stimulation have been studied for their therapeutic properties of modifying neuroplasticity,particularly in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.Preliminary evidence from small cohort studies,pilot studies,and clinical trials suggests that the various noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have therapeutic benefits for treating both behavioral and cognitive manifestations of autism spectrum disorder.However,little data is available for quantifying the clinical significance of these findings as well as the long-term outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder who underwent transcranial stimulation.The objective of this review is to highlight the most recent advancements in the application of noninvasive brain modulation technology in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.展开更多
Precise and reliable presentation of odorants to animals is crucial for olfactory studies.Although odor stimulation systems in anesthetized or awake,head-fixed animals are well established,temporally precise odor prese...Precise and reliable presentation of odorants to animals is crucial for olfactory studies.Although odor stimulation systems in anesthetized or awake,head-fixed animals are well established,temporally precise odor presentation in awake,freely moving animals remains a challenge.Here,we describe a new odor stimulation system which presents odors directly to the nostrils of freely moving mice.The system comprises 3 modules:an odor-delivery module,an odor-generation module,and a control module.The new system is precise and temporally reliable,and odor stimulation can be triggered by specific sniffing phases or other events.Moreover,the system can be combined with neural recordings,such as electrophysiology,and olfactory behavioral tests to investigate how neurons in the brain represent odor information during individual olfactory behaviors.This innovative odor stimulation system may replace traditional stimulation systems:It will enable precise odor presentation in a wide range of olfactory studies in freely moving animals.展开更多
基金supported by translational grant from the HERA Foundation(to AAE).
文摘Autism spectrum disorder is classified as a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders with an unknown definitive etiology.Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show deficits in a variety of areas including cognition,memory,attention,emotion recognition,and social skills.With no definitive treatment or cure,the main interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder are based on behavioral modulations.Recently,noninvasive brain modulation techniques including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,intermittent theta burst stimulation,continuous theta burst stimulation,and transcranial direct current stimulation have been studied for their therapeutic properties of modifying neuroplasticity,particularly in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.Preliminary evidence from small cohort studies,pilot studies,and clinical trials suggests that the various noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have therapeutic benefits for treating both behavioral and cognitive manifestations of autism spectrum disorder.However,little data is available for quantifying the clinical significance of these findings as well as the long-term outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder who underwent transcranial stimulation.The objective of this review is to highlight the most recent advancements in the application of noninvasive brain modulation technology in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,31872771 and 32070995 to Anan Li,31872770 to Yufeng Shao)the Jiangsu Province Innovative and Entrepreneurial Team Program.
文摘Precise and reliable presentation of odorants to animals is crucial for olfactory studies.Although odor stimulation systems in anesthetized or awake,head-fixed animals are well established,temporally precise odor presentation in awake,freely moving animals remains a challenge.Here,we describe a new odor stimulation system which presents odors directly to the nostrils of freely moving mice.The system comprises 3 modules:an odor-delivery module,an odor-generation module,and a control module.The new system is precise and temporally reliable,and odor stimulation can be triggered by specific sniffing phases or other events.Moreover,the system can be combined with neural recordings,such as electrophysiology,and olfactory behavioral tests to investigate how neurons in the brain represent odor information during individual olfactory behaviors.This innovative odor stimulation system may replace traditional stimulation systems:It will enable precise odor presentation in a wide range of olfactory studies in freely moving animals.
