The effect of rutile crystal shapes on its settlement in a modified slag was studied by theoretical analysis,FactSage simulation,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the settling ve...The effect of rutile crystal shapes on its settlement in a modified slag was studied by theoretical analysis,FactSage simulation,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the settling velocities of spherical rutile crystals are faster than those of other shapes of rutile crystals under the same volume conditions,and the shape transformation of rutile crystals from rod to sphere can be achieved by adding titanium slag to Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.The volume fractions of the rutile crystals in the upper and lower parts of the modified slag are 30%and 71%when the added titanium slag increases to 278 g,indicating that rutile settling is obvious.Due to the rutile settling,half shaker sorting task is saved,and the recovery rate of TiO2 is significantly increased.The TiO2 content of rutile is greater than 93%,and the total content of CaO and MgO is less than 0.4%,meeting the requirements for the raw materials of titanium white in the chloride process.展开更多
Optimization of cylindrical roller bearings(CRBs)has been performed using a robust design.It ensures that the changes in the objective function,even in the case of variations in design variables during manufacturing,h...Optimization of cylindrical roller bearings(CRBs)has been performed using a robust design.It ensures that the changes in the objective function,even in the case of variations in design variables during manufacturing,have a minimum possible value and do not exceed the upper limit of a desired range of percentage variation.Also,it checks the feasibility of design outcome in presence of manufacturing tolerances in design variables.For any rolling element bearing,a long life indicates a satisfactory performance.In the present study,the dynamic load carrying capacity C,which relates to fatigue life,has been optimized using the robust design.In roller bearings,boundary dimensions(i.e.,bearing outer diameter,bore diameter and width)are standard.Hence,the performance is mainly affected by the internal dimensions and not the bearing boundary dimensions mentioned formerly.In spite of this,besides internal dimensions and their tolerances,the tolerances in boundary dimensions have also been taken into consideration for the robust optimization.The problem has been solved with the elitist non-dominating sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II).Finally,for the visualization and to ensure manufacturability of CRB using obtained values,radial dimensions drawing of one of the optimized CRB has been made.To check the robustness of obtained design after optimization,a sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to find out how much the variation in the objective function will be in case of variation in optimized value of design variables.Optimized bearings have been found to have improved life as compared with standard ones.展开更多
基金Project(2015BAB18B00)supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China。
文摘The effect of rutile crystal shapes on its settlement in a modified slag was studied by theoretical analysis,FactSage simulation,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the settling velocities of spherical rutile crystals are faster than those of other shapes of rutile crystals under the same volume conditions,and the shape transformation of rutile crystals from rod to sphere can be achieved by adding titanium slag to Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.The volume fractions of the rutile crystals in the upper and lower parts of the modified slag are 30%and 71%when the added titanium slag increases to 278 g,indicating that rutile settling is obvious.Due to the rutile settling,half shaker sorting task is saved,and the recovery rate of TiO2 is significantly increased.The TiO2 content of rutile is greater than 93%,and the total content of CaO and MgO is less than 0.4%,meeting the requirements for the raw materials of titanium white in the chloride process.
文摘Optimization of cylindrical roller bearings(CRBs)has been performed using a robust design.It ensures that the changes in the objective function,even in the case of variations in design variables during manufacturing,have a minimum possible value and do not exceed the upper limit of a desired range of percentage variation.Also,it checks the feasibility of design outcome in presence of manufacturing tolerances in design variables.For any rolling element bearing,a long life indicates a satisfactory performance.In the present study,the dynamic load carrying capacity C,which relates to fatigue life,has been optimized using the robust design.In roller bearings,boundary dimensions(i.e.,bearing outer diameter,bore diameter and width)are standard.Hence,the performance is mainly affected by the internal dimensions and not the bearing boundary dimensions mentioned formerly.In spite of this,besides internal dimensions and their tolerances,the tolerances in boundary dimensions have also been taken into consideration for the robust optimization.The problem has been solved with the elitist non-dominating sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II).Finally,for the visualization and to ensure manufacturability of CRB using obtained values,radial dimensions drawing of one of the optimized CRB has been made.To check the robustness of obtained design after optimization,a sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to find out how much the variation in the objective function will be in case of variation in optimized value of design variables.Optimized bearings have been found to have improved life as compared with standard ones.
