昆虫是世界上种类最为丰富、分布最为广泛的动物类群,其肠道内栖息着复杂且多样的微生物。不同昆虫因肠道结构、肠道内环境、食性、龄期、外界环境不同,肠道内微生物组成与丰度也存在差异。肠道微生物主要通过垂直方向与水平方向在种群...昆虫是世界上种类最为丰富、分布最为广泛的动物类群,其肠道内栖息着复杂且多样的微生物。不同昆虫因肠道结构、肠道内环境、食性、龄期、外界环境不同,肠道内微生物组成与丰度也存在差异。肠道微生物主要通过垂直方向与水平方向在种群与个体间传播,对昆虫宿主营养代谢、生理行为、防御、解毒等诸多方面有重要影响;通过体外培养的方法可从培养基对昆虫肠道微生物进行分离,用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)及16S rRNA基因测序技术等可迅速鉴定微生物;宏基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等多种组学技术联合运用,使得肠道微生物鉴定与功能推测更为高效;体外试验、微生物补充、菌群移植、沉默微生物成员相关基因等试验方法使微生物功能验证更为准确;利用高温处理、溶菌酶处理、无菌饲养处理及抗生素处理等方式能清除肠道内的微生物群落,获得无菌昆虫用于功能验证试验,但当前使用最广的抗生素法在实际应用中仍存在一定局限;利用肠道微生物特性,通过共生菌基因工程防治有害生物与虫媒传染病。目前,昆虫肠道微生物在生态、经济、能源、环保等领域发挥着重要作用,随着新兴技术的发展融合,更多昆虫-微生物互作机制将会被揭示,通过昆虫肠道微生物控制有害生物控制手段也将更为多样、环保和高效。展开更多
Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within t...Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within the past few years,resulting in the notification of approximately 20 000 patients.These medical errors,the specific infection-control standards they breached,and assessments of the risk of infection associated with each are discussed.Other topics discussed include the Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA)regulation of medical devices and infection-control products;the use of adulterated,misbranded,and investigational devices;consent decrees and associated Certificates of Medical Necessity;and informed patient consent.Focus is placed on liquid chemical sterilization,its history,and the FDA’s recent censure and discontinuation of a medical device labeled with this claim,namely,the STERIS System 1 processor.Recommendations are provided for healthcare facilities,regulatory agencies,manufacturers of reusable medical devices,and professional healthcare organizations and administrations to improve public health and prevent healthcareassociated infections.展开更多
文摘昆虫是世界上种类最为丰富、分布最为广泛的动物类群,其肠道内栖息着复杂且多样的微生物。不同昆虫因肠道结构、肠道内环境、食性、龄期、外界环境不同,肠道内微生物组成与丰度也存在差异。肠道微生物主要通过垂直方向与水平方向在种群与个体间传播,对昆虫宿主营养代谢、生理行为、防御、解毒等诸多方面有重要影响;通过体外培养的方法可从培养基对昆虫肠道微生物进行分离,用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)及16S rRNA基因测序技术等可迅速鉴定微生物;宏基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等多种组学技术联合运用,使得肠道微生物鉴定与功能推测更为高效;体外试验、微生物补充、菌群移植、沉默微生物成员相关基因等试验方法使微生物功能验证更为准确;利用高温处理、溶菌酶处理、无菌饲养处理及抗生素处理等方式能清除肠道内的微生物群落,获得无菌昆虫用于功能验证试验,但当前使用最广的抗生素法在实际应用中仍存在一定局限;利用肠道微生物特性,通过共生菌基因工程防治有害生物与虫媒传染病。目前,昆虫肠道微生物在生态、经济、能源、环保等领域发挥着重要作用,随着新兴技术的发展融合,更多昆虫-微生物互作机制将会被揭示,通过昆虫肠道微生物控制有害生物控制手段也将更为多样、环保和高效。
文摘Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within the past few years,resulting in the notification of approximately 20 000 patients.These medical errors,the specific infection-control standards they breached,and assessments of the risk of infection associated with each are discussed.Other topics discussed include the Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA)regulation of medical devices and infection-control products;the use of adulterated,misbranded,and investigational devices;consent decrees and associated Certificates of Medical Necessity;and informed patient consent.Focus is placed on liquid chemical sterilization,its history,and the FDA’s recent censure and discontinuation of a medical device labeled with this claim,namely,the STERIS System 1 processor.Recommendations are provided for healthcare facilities,regulatory agencies,manufacturers of reusable medical devices,and professional healthcare organizations and administrations to improve public health and prevent healthcareassociated infections.
