中国草地面积广阔,自然资源丰富,准确评估草地资源既是合理开发和利用草地的基础,也对生态环境的保护具有重要意义.但是,关于中国草地面积、生产力和承载力等本底数据至今为止尚没有系统的梳理.本文收集、整理了过去几十年来我国草地资...中国草地面积广阔,自然资源丰富,准确评估草地资源既是合理开发和利用草地的基础,也对生态环境的保护具有重要意义.但是,关于中国草地面积、生产力和承载力等本底数据至今为止尚没有系统的梳理.本文收集、整理了过去几十年来我国草地资源研究的各类数据,并利用1982~2011年的遥感影像(NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI)和气候数据重新估算了我国天然草地生物量和生产力及其近30年的变化.由于草地的定义、数据来源和分析方法不同,现存资料对中国天然草地面积的估算差异很大,变动范围达2倍以上(1.67×10~6~4.31×10~6 km^2),这些资料也表明,我国目前的天然草地面积在2.80×10~6~3.93×10~6 km^2之间比较合适.草地生物量的估算值也存在显著差异,平均地上生物量在79~123 g m^(-2)之间,但本文对最近30年(1982~2011年)天然草地地上生物量的重新估算结果为178 g m^(-2),在此期间平均每年增加0.4 gm^(-2).我国天然草地平均净初级生产力的估算差异更大,为89~320 g Cm^(-2)a^(-1)(平均176 g Cm^(-2) a^(-1)),但许多研究都发现近年来有增加趋势.而基于过去30年平均气候估算,我国天然草地的潜在生产力可高达348 gCm^(-2) a^(-1).另一方面,我国人工草地面积比较小,约为2.09×10~7 hm^2,但生产力高,可达天然草地的2.7~12.1倍.由于我国对天然草地缺乏有效管理,加上人工草地的比例低,目前我国草地对放牧家畜的承载力比较低,很多地方的超载现象较为严重,平均超载率估计为20%.此外,降水的不足始终是影响我国草地生物多样性、生物量和生产力的重要因素,进一步探讨气候变化和过度放牧等人为活动对我国草地资源的数量和质量的影响是十分必要的.展开更多
Based on 11004 satellite images from CBERS CCD and Landsat TM/ETM,changes in the spatial characteristics of all lakes in China were determined following pre-established interpretation rules.This dataset was supported ...Based on 11004 satellite images from CBERS CCD and Landsat TM/ETM,changes in the spatial characteristics of all lakes in China were determined following pre-established interpretation rules.This dataset was supported by 6843 digital raster images(1:100000 and 1:50000),a countrywide digital vector dataset(1:250000),and historical literature.Comparative data were corrected for seasonal variations using precipitation data.There are presently 2693 natural lakes in China with an area greater than 1.0 km2,excluding reservoirs.These lakes are distributed in 28 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities and have a total area of 81414.6 km2,accounting for-0.9% of China's total land area.In the past 30 years,the number of newly formed and newly discovered lakes with an area greater than 1.0 km2 is 60 and 131,respectively.Conversely,243 lakes have disappeared in this time period.展开更多
In industry-oriented peri-urban areas, the heavy metal accumulation in soils caused by industrialization has become a potential threat. The top soil samples from 27 paddy fields and 75 vegetable fields were collected ...In industry-oriented peri-urban areas, the heavy metal accumulation in soils caused by industrialization has become a potential threat. The top soil samples from 27 paddy fields and 75 vegetable fields were collected from a typical industry- based peri-urban area of about 8 km^2 in Wuxi, China, to study the accumulation and distribution of As, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd in comparison with heavy metal contents in soils near developed industrial sites （Guangzhou, China; Wallsend Burn of Tyneside, UK; and Osnabrück, Germany）. Kriging interpolation was used to determine the metals, spatial distribution. The results showed that most soils, compared to the background values, contained elevated contents of As, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Pb with some having elevated contents of Cd and Cr. Except for less than 10% of the soil samples of Cu, Zn and Cd contents, these heavy metal contents were lower than the soil threshold levels of the Grade Ⅱ criteria for the Chinese environmental quality standard. Probably, because of the scattered distribution and diversity of industries in the study area, spatial distributions of these heavy metals from Kriging interpolation indicated little similarity. Nevertheless, when compared with other areas in the Taihu Lake region, mean contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were relatively high in the Wuxi peri-urban area. Additionally, compared to soils in agricultural areas around Guangzhou, Osnabrück, or Wallsend Burn, contents of most heavy metals in soils from this area were lower.展开更多
文摘中国草地面积广阔,自然资源丰富,准确评估草地资源既是合理开发和利用草地的基础,也对生态环境的保护具有重要意义.但是,关于中国草地面积、生产力和承载力等本底数据至今为止尚没有系统的梳理.本文收集、整理了过去几十年来我国草地资源研究的各类数据,并利用1982~2011年的遥感影像(NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI)和气候数据重新估算了我国天然草地生物量和生产力及其近30年的变化.由于草地的定义、数据来源和分析方法不同,现存资料对中国天然草地面积的估算差异很大,变动范围达2倍以上(1.67×10~6~4.31×10~6 km^2),这些资料也表明,我国目前的天然草地面积在2.80×10~6~3.93×10~6 km^2之间比较合适.草地生物量的估算值也存在显著差异,平均地上生物量在79~123 g m^(-2)之间,但本文对最近30年(1982~2011年)天然草地地上生物量的重新估算结果为178 g m^(-2),在此期间平均每年增加0.4 gm^(-2).我国天然草地平均净初级生产力的估算差异更大,为89~320 g Cm^(-2)a^(-1)(平均176 g Cm^(-2) a^(-1)),但许多研究都发现近年来有增加趋势.而基于过去30年平均气候估算,我国天然草地的潜在生产力可高达348 gCm^(-2) a^(-1).另一方面,我国人工草地面积比较小,约为2.09×10~7 hm^2,但生产力高,可达天然草地的2.7~12.1倍.由于我国对天然草地缺乏有效管理,加上人工草地的比例低,目前我国草地对放牧家畜的承载力比较低,很多地方的超载现象较为严重,平均超载率估计为20%.此外,降水的不足始终是影响我国草地生物多样性、生物量和生产力的重要因素,进一步探讨气候变化和过度放牧等人为活动对我国草地资源的数量和质量的影响是十分必要的.
基金supported by the National Special Basic Research Project (Gran No. 2006FY110600)
文摘Based on 11004 satellite images from CBERS CCD and Landsat TM/ETM,changes in the spatial characteristics of all lakes in China were determined following pre-established interpretation rules.This dataset was supported by 6843 digital raster images(1:100000 and 1:50000),a countrywide digital vector dataset(1:250000),and historical literature.Comparative data were corrected for seasonal variations using precipitation data.There are presently 2693 natural lakes in China with an area greater than 1.0 km2,excluding reservoirs.These lakes are distributed in 28 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities and have a total area of 81414.6 km2,accounting for-0.9% of China's total land area.In the past 30 years,the number of newly formed and newly discovered lakes with an area greater than 1.0 km2 is 60 and 131,respectively.Conversely,243 lakes have disappeared in this time period.
基金Project supported by the RURBIFARM (Sustainable Farming at the Rural-Urban Interface) project of the European Union (No. ICA4-CT-2002-10021)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX3-SW-427)the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation of China (No. 2002CB410810).
文摘In industry-oriented peri-urban areas, the heavy metal accumulation in soils caused by industrialization has become a potential threat. The top soil samples from 27 paddy fields and 75 vegetable fields were collected from a typical industry- based peri-urban area of about 8 km^2 in Wuxi, China, to study the accumulation and distribution of As, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd in comparison with heavy metal contents in soils near developed industrial sites （Guangzhou, China; Wallsend Burn of Tyneside, UK; and Osnabrück, Germany）. Kriging interpolation was used to determine the metals, spatial distribution. The results showed that most soils, compared to the background values, contained elevated contents of As, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Pb with some having elevated contents of Cd and Cr. Except for less than 10% of the soil samples of Cu, Zn and Cd contents, these heavy metal contents were lower than the soil threshold levels of the Grade Ⅱ criteria for the Chinese environmental quality standard. Probably, because of the scattered distribution and diversity of industries in the study area, spatial distributions of these heavy metals from Kriging interpolation indicated little similarity. Nevertheless, when compared with other areas in the Taihu Lake region, mean contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were relatively high in the Wuxi peri-urban area. Additionally, compared to soils in agricultural areas around Guangzhou, Osnabrück, or Wallsend Burn, contents of most heavy metals in soils from this area were lower.
文摘草地是不可或缺的自然资源,但关于我国草地面积到底有多大存在很大争议.本文主要利用植被分布与降水之间的相关关系来探讨我国草地的分布和面积.归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据能够很好地反映植被的覆盖状况,与降水之间也存在良好的相关关系,因此可以通过建立已知草原地区的降水与NDVI的关系来反演草地的分布和面积.利用此方法及与遥感数据相匹配的过去30年(1982~2011年)的平均降水量数据,估算得到我国的草地总面积约为293×104 km2.将研究期间的降水数据每5年求其平均,估算得到我国草地面积的年际变化并不显著,变动于290×104~295×104 km2.
