The role of the native language in second language acquisition has long been a hotly debated issue in the area of SLA.Variousstudies on the subject are reviewed and controversial views are examined in the paper,referr...The role of the native language in second language acquisition has long been a hotly debated issue in the area of SLA.Variousstudies on the subject are reviewed and controversial views are examined in the paper,referring to Behaviorism,Contrastive Analysis Hy-pothesis,Error Analysis Hypothesis,Creative Construction Hypothesis,Common Underlying Proficiency Hypothesis,and MarkednessTheory,etc.,so as to provide a more comprehensive and deeper analysis of the role L1 plays in L2 acquisition.展开更多
According to Lado(1957:2) in the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis,a student who comes into contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that ar...According to Lado(1957:2) in the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis,a student who comes into contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that are similar to his native language will be simple for him and those elements that are different will be difficult. Corder (1981:101)added that where the mother tongue is formally similar to the target language,a learner will pass more rapidly along the developmental continuum (or some parts of it)than where it differs. Eric Kellerman(1986) also believed that learners have intuitions about which language features they can transfer from their first language to the target language and which are less likely to be transferable. And Lee(1968)even held that the interference coming from the learner's native language to be the sole cause of difficulty and error in foreign language learning. Given that the Chinese character shi functions the same as an English copula,I would like to apply two theories to illustrate the syntactic features associated with copular usages in this dissertation.展开更多
针对虚拟样机开发环境中不确定多元输出响应动态系统的模型验证问题,提出了基于误差统计分析、统计主元分析(Probabilistic principal component analysis,PPCA)、基于领域专家知识的阈值定义与转化和贝叶斯区间假设检验的不确定性动态...针对虚拟样机开发环境中不确定多元输出响应动态系统的模型验证问题,提出了基于误差统计分析、统计主元分析(Probabilistic principal component analysis,PPCA)、基于领域专家知识的阈值定义与转化和贝叶斯区间假设检验的不确定性动态系统模型验证方法和流程。概率误差分析方法用于处理物理试验和仿真结果的重复误差,PPCA用于处理多元相关数据和降维,基于领域专家知识的阈值定义与转化用于确定降维数据空间中的阈值区间,贝叶斯区间假设检验通过贝叶斯可信度提供模型验证结果。该方法解决了不确定性多元动态系统验证中的重复误差量化、多元相关数据处理、领域专家知识融合及提供具有明确物理意义和直观的验证结果等关键问题。对某汽车正向碰撞中乘员保护系统的实例研究表明,该方法能有效实现虚拟样机环境下的不确定性动态系统模型验证,并进一步推动数字化仿真模型的改进。展开更多
对敌方战役企图的分析判断是确定我方战役企图和制定、实施战役计划的基础,对战役的成败具有至关重要的作用。首先,对战役企图和竞争性假设分析(analysis of competing hypothesis,ACH)进行了介绍。然后,分析了现有ACH存在的不足,并给...对敌方战役企图的分析判断是确定我方战役企图和制定、实施战役计划的基础,对战役的成败具有至关重要的作用。首先,对战役企图和竞争性假设分析(analysis of competing hypothesis,ACH)进行了介绍。然后,分析了现有ACH存在的不足,并给出了改进方法,即在证据敏感性分析中利用贝叶斯网络描述证据与假设关系,利用理想点解法(technique for order preference by similarity to solution,TOPSIS)对证据进行欺骗性评估,根据证据的欺骗可能性对各种假设进行推理。最后,以诺曼底登陆战役为例,从德军的视角使用所提方法对盟军登陆点进行了分析,证明了改进后的ACH方法可以更加合理、有效地应用于战役企图分析。展开更多
Positioned near the top of the food web, the dietary composition of Antarctic penguins and seals can be an excellent indicator of the regional food web and thus the status of the marine ecosystem. The dietary composit...Positioned near the top of the food web, the dietary composition of Antarctic penguins and seals can be an excellent indicator of the regional food web and thus the status of the marine ecosystem. The dietary composition of modern penguins and seals has been well investigated; a long-term time series of data on penguin and seal diets,however, are rare. Such data, especially any predating the initiation of human harvesting of fish, whales and seals in Antarctica, are crucial for understanding and predicting responses of regional marine food webs to natural climate changes. Here we review recent progress on research of paleodietary change in Antarctic penguins and seals, specifically the Ade′lie penguin(Pygoscelis adeliae) and Antarctic fur seal(Arctocephalus gazella). These studies indicate that the dietary changes of penguins correspond quite well with fluctuations in climate and sea ice extent during the Holocene. The depleted d15 N ratios found in modern Ade′lie penguins support the ‘‘krill surplus hypothesis' ' in relation to historic human depletion of krilleating fish, seals and whales.展开更多
文摘The role of the native language in second language acquisition has long been a hotly debated issue in the area of SLA.Variousstudies on the subject are reviewed and controversial views are examined in the paper,referring to Behaviorism,Contrastive Analysis Hy-pothesis,Error Analysis Hypothesis,Creative Construction Hypothesis,Common Underlying Proficiency Hypothesis,and MarkednessTheory,etc.,so as to provide a more comprehensive and deeper analysis of the role L1 plays in L2 acquisition.
文摘According to Lado(1957:2) in the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis,a student who comes into contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that are similar to his native language will be simple for him and those elements that are different will be difficult. Corder (1981:101)added that where the mother tongue is formally similar to the target language,a learner will pass more rapidly along the developmental continuum (or some parts of it)than where it differs. Eric Kellerman(1986) also believed that learners have intuitions about which language features they can transfer from their first language to the target language and which are less likely to be transferable. And Lee(1968)even held that the interference coming from the learner's native language to be the sole cause of difficulty and error in foreign language learning. Given that the Chinese character shi functions the same as an English copula,I would like to apply two theories to illustrate the syntactic features associated with copular usages in this dissertation.
文摘针对虚拟样机开发环境中不确定多元输出响应动态系统的模型验证问题,提出了基于误差统计分析、统计主元分析(Probabilistic principal component analysis,PPCA)、基于领域专家知识的阈值定义与转化和贝叶斯区间假设检验的不确定性动态系统模型验证方法和流程。概率误差分析方法用于处理物理试验和仿真结果的重复误差,PPCA用于处理多元相关数据和降维,基于领域专家知识的阈值定义与转化用于确定降维数据空间中的阈值区间,贝叶斯区间假设检验通过贝叶斯可信度提供模型验证结果。该方法解决了不确定性多元动态系统验证中的重复误差量化、多元相关数据处理、领域专家知识融合及提供具有明确物理意义和直观的验证结果等关键问题。对某汽车正向碰撞中乘员保护系统的实例研究表明,该方法能有效实现虚拟样机环境下的不确定性动态系统模型验证,并进一步推动数字化仿真模型的改进。
文摘对敌方战役企图的分析判断是确定我方战役企图和制定、实施战役计划的基础,对战役的成败具有至关重要的作用。首先,对战役企图和竞争性假设分析(analysis of competing hypothesis,ACH)进行了介绍。然后,分析了现有ACH存在的不足,并给出了改进方法,即在证据敏感性分析中利用贝叶斯网络描述证据与假设关系,利用理想点解法(technique for order preference by similarity to solution,TOPSIS)对证据进行欺骗性评估,根据证据的欺骗可能性对各种假设进行推理。最后,以诺曼底登陆战役为例,从德军的视角使用所提方法对盟军登陆点进行了分析,证明了改进后的ACH方法可以更加合理、有效地应用于战役企图分析。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41106162 and 40730107)the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes(CHINARE2014-04-01 and CHINARE2014-02-01)the Open Research Fund from SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Sciencein China(KP201207)
文摘Positioned near the top of the food web, the dietary composition of Antarctic penguins and seals can be an excellent indicator of the regional food web and thus the status of the marine ecosystem. The dietary composition of modern penguins and seals has been well investigated; a long-term time series of data on penguin and seal diets,however, are rare. Such data, especially any predating the initiation of human harvesting of fish, whales and seals in Antarctica, are crucial for understanding and predicting responses of regional marine food webs to natural climate changes. Here we review recent progress on research of paleodietary change in Antarctic penguins and seals, specifically the Ade′lie penguin(Pygoscelis adeliae) and Antarctic fur seal(Arctocephalus gazella). These studies indicate that the dietary changes of penguins correspond quite well with fluctuations in climate and sea ice extent during the Holocene. The depleted d15 N ratios found in modern Ade′lie penguins support the ‘‘krill surplus hypothesis' ' in relation to historic human depletion of krilleating fish, seals and whales.
